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4 LIBRARY FEB 18 1972
NEW YORK
MITTEILUNGE NPOTANICAL GARDEN DER BOTANISCHEN STAATSSAMMLUNG
MÜNCHEN
Band X
Herausgegeben von
H. Merxmüller
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH PLENARY MEETING OF THE AETFAT
München, 7th-12!% September, 1970
München 1971
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MITTEILUNGEN DER BOTANISCHEN STAATSSAMMLUNG MÜNCHEN
Band X
Herausgegeben von
H. Merxmüller
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH PLENARY MEETING OF THE AETFAT
München, 7t#-12'" September, 1970
München 1971
Redaktion: K. Kubitzki
Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Wissenschaft, des Bayerischen Staatsministeriums für Unterricht und Kultus und der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
PROCEEDINGS OFTHESEVENTHPLENARY
MEETING OFTHE “ASSOCIATION POUR L’ETUDE
TAXONOMIQUE DE LA FLORE DE L’AFRIQUE TROPICALE” (AETFAT)
München, 7'%-12'" September, 1970
CONTENTS — TABLE DES MATIERES
PROGRESS IN THE PREPARATION OF AFRICAN FLORAS PROGRES CONCERNANT LA PREPARATION DES FLORES AFRICAINES
P. Qu£zer. Rapport sur le progres dans la preparation de la Flore de l’Afrique du Nord
L. Bouros. The Flora of Libya project
V. TÄcKHoLM. Progress in the preparation of the Flora of Egypt
J- BERHAUT. Rapport sur le progres dans la preparation de la Flore du Senegal
J. D. S. D’Orer & M. C. LigErATo. Flore du la Guinee Portugaise — Papilionacees
F. N. Hepper. Progress of the Flora of West Tropical Africa
L. Ak& Assı. Progres dans la preparation de la Flore de la Cöte d’Ivoire E. ADJANOHOUn, P. KAMMACHER, G. ANOMA &L. Ak& Assı. La Flore Agrostologique de la Cöte d’Ivoire
D.P. Sranrıero. The Flora of Nigeria
A.ıE THomas. Flore du Gabon
A. LE THomas. Flore du Cameroun
J. LEonARD. Progres accomplis dans l’&tude de la Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et Burundi de 1966 a 1970
G. Trourin. Flore du Rwanda
S. Lısowsk1, F. MArLaısse & J.-J. SYMOENS. Une Flore des hauts plateaux du Katanga
A.M. STUART SMITH. Indigenous trees of Uganda, ed. 3
G. Curoponris. Bericht über den gegenwärtigen Stand und die Aussicht auf baldigen Abschluß der „Enumeratio Plantarum Ethiopiae“ (EPA) nebst einer Statistik der bisher veröffentlichten Teile R.E. G. PıcHt-SermoLuı. Third report on the progress of the “Adum- bratio Florae Aethiopicae”
. G. GILBERT. Some suggestions for an Ethiopian Flora
. MıLnE-REDHEAD. Progress of the Flora of Tropical East Africa
.D.Q. Acnew. Flora of Upland Kenya — progress report
. W. Exerr. Flora Zambesiaca
F. WHITE. Forest Flora of Zambia
. FERNANDES. Rapport sur le « Conspectus Florae Angolensis »
. MERxMÜLLER. The Flora of South West Africa
. J- B. Kırrıck. Progress with the Flora of Southern Africa
. KERAUDREN-AyMmonIn. Etudes recentes sur les vegetaux malgaches
. LEONARD. Statistiques des progres accomplis en 17 ans dans la con- naissance de la flore phanerogamique africaine et malgache (1953— 1969)
J.-P. Legrun. Les activites botaniques de l’Institut d’Elevage et de Me-
decine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux
-ZzUu1>P">>H2
PROGRESS IN THE MAPPING OF THE AFRICAN FLORA
86
PROGRES CONCERNANT LA DESCRIPTION CARTOGRAPHIQUE
DE LA FLORE AFRICAINE
F. WHITE. The taxonomic and ecological basis of chorology
F. WHITE. The new AETFAT/UNESCO vegetation map of Africa
L. A. Granpvaux BARBosA. Phytogeographical map of Angola
G. MAnGENOT. Une nouvelle carte de la vegetation de la Cöte d’Ivoire
A. Raynar. Repartition geographique des Nymphoides (Menyantha- ceae) d’Afrique
J. Raynar. Repartition geographique des Rhynchospora afrıcains et malgaches
J- P. H. Acocks. The distribution of certain ecologically important grasses in South Africa
F. WHITE. Third interim report on the Atlas of ecologically important plant species in Africa
G. Lı. Lucas. The Baobab Map Project
91 113 114 116 122 135 149
161 162
TAXONOMIC AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES ON THE
AFRICAN FLORA
PROBLEMES TAXONOMIQUES ET PHYTOGEOGRAPHIQUES
DANS LA FLORE AFRICAINE
G. Kunker. On West African pteridophytes and their taxonomic pro- blems
L. Ak& Assı. Presence d’un Piper d’Amerique du Sud sur les pentes de la Montagne de Klouto (Togo)
165
169
J. P. ROBBERTSE & H. P. van DER SCHIFF. The genus Acacıa MiLLEr in South Africa
J. Vassar. Apport des donnees seminologiques et ontogeniques A la recherche d’un classement naturel de quelques Acacıas africains
J. A. FRAHM-LELIVELD. Cytotaxonomic results in African Leguminosae: an Inventory
C. EvVRARD, A. VIEUx & C. KABELE-NGieru. Relations entre les corps gras des graines de Legumineuses et la classification morpholo- gique
P. Bamrs. Phytog&ographie des Guttiferae en Afrique intertropicale
A. FERNANDES. Contribution a la connaissance du genre Heteropyxis HARvEY
A. J. M. LEEUWENBERG. The distribution of the Afrıcan Strychnos spe- cies
L. E Coop. Generic limits in Plectranthus, Coleus and allied genera
J. YAnneyY-Ewusie. Taxonomic revision of the genus Capsicum ın West Africa
O. B. Doxosı. Experimental studies in the taxonomy of the species of Elytraria in West Africa
H. Wırn. The taxonomy, ecology and possible method of evolution of a new metalliferous species of Dicoma Cass. (Compositae)
J. Grau. On the generic delimitation of some South African Astereae
P. Leıns & G. THyREr. Pollen phylogeny and taxonomy exemplified by an African Asteraceae group
W. W. SAnrorD. The Orchid flora of Equatorial Guinea in relation to that of the whole of West Africa
H. J. Conerr. The genus Danthonia (Gramineae) in West Africa
P. BourrEir & H. GitLLET. Synthese des connaissances et des recherches nouvelles sur Aristida rbinochloa, gramıne&e afrıcaine amphitro- picale
H. JacQuzs-F£Lıx. Compte rendu d’un voyage au Cameroun en 1967
M.N. Eı Hapıpı & J. KosınovA. Studies on the weed flora of Egypt 1.
Preliminary survey
G. KunkeL. On some floristic relationships between the Canary Islands
and neighbouring Africa
170
178
198
354
368
FLORISTIC AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS IN THE DRIER PARTS OF AFRICA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FLORISTIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE DRY AREAS NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR PROBLEMES FLORISTIQUES ET PHYTOGEOGRAPHIQUES DANS LES REGIONS PLUS SECHES DE L’AFRIQUE EN INSISTANT SUR LES RELATIONS FLORISTIQUES ET LES SYMETRIES ENTRE LES REGIONS SECHES AU NORD ET AU SUD DE L’EQUATEUR
TH. Monop. Remarques sur les symetries floristiques des zones seches
nord et sud en Afrique 375 B. DE WINTER. Floristic relationships between the Northern and Sou-
thern arıd areas in Africa 424 J--P. Lesrun. Quelques phanerogames africaines a aire disjointe 438 M. KERAUDREN-AYMoNIn. Quelques remarques a propos de Cucurbita-
cees des flores seches 449 P. Bourreiır. Parallele taxonomique de Stipagrostis pungens et Stipa-
grostis sabulicola, graminees africaines 458 M.N. Er Hapıpı. Distribution of Cyperus papyrus L. and Nymphaea
lotus L. in inland waters of Egypt 470 J. LEONARD. Apergu de la flore et la vegetation du Jebel Uweinat
(Desert du Libye) 476 P. JAEGER & J. G. Anam. Apergu succinct sur la flore et la vegetation
de l’etage culminal des Monts Loma (Sierra Leone) 478
INDEX OF PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL PUBLICATIONS OF AFRICA INDEX DES PUBLICATIONS PHYTOGEOGRAPHIQUES DE
L’AFRIQUE M. KERAUDREN-AYMonIin. Les publications phytog&ographiques concer- nant Madagascar 484 J. D. B. Kırııck & D. Epwaros. Compilation of an ecological biblio- graphy for Southern Africa 487
INDEX OF LOCALITIES FOR THE WHOLE OF AFRICA INDEX DES LIEUX DE TOUT D’AFRIQUE
P. Bamps. Presentation de l’index des lieux de recolte du Congo, Kin-
shasa, du Rwanda et du Burundi 489 J- B. Harı. Problems in the compilation of a critical gazetteer to collec-
ting localities in Ghana 491 N. F. Hepper. Note on a “Gazetteer of West Africa” 497
J. W. Morrıs & O. A. LEistner. Index of localities for Southern Africa 498
6
D. Epwaros & O. A. LEISTNER. A degree reference system for citing biological records in Southern Africa
501
PREPARATION OF AN INDEX OF COLLECTORS FOR THE WHOLE
OF AFRICA
PREPARATION D’UN INDEX DES COLLECTEURS POUR TOUT
D’AFRIQUE
N. F. Hepper. A note on “Plant collectors in West Africa” — and a suggested standard format for similar indexes to other parts of Africa
S. Lısowsk1, F. Maraısse & J. J. SYmoEns. Index des recolteurs bota- nistes des hauts plateaux du Katanga
R. Pornırı. Flora of Tropical East Africa. Index of collecting localities
SYMPOSIUM ON CYPERACEAE* SYMPOSIUM SUR LES CYPERACEES
R. W. Haınes. Amphicarpy in East African Cyperaceae
K. A. Lye. The generic concept of Bulbostylis KunTH ex C. B. CLARKE
E. R. GuAGLIANONE. A new character useful in the generic distinction between Fimbristylis and Bulbostylis (Cyperaceae)
K. D. Gorpon-Gray. Fimbristylis and Bulbostylis: generic limits as seen by a student of Southern African species
W. SCHULTZE-MOTEL. Generic delimitation in Scirpeae
A.E. SCHUYLER. Some relationships in Scirpeae bearing on the delinea- tion of genera
M. Raymonp. The shifting status of Cyperus erinacens
J. Raynar. Quelques notes morphologiques sur les Cyp£eracees
T.M. Koyama. Systematic interrelationships among Sclerieae, Lageno- carpeae and Mapanieae (Cyperaceae)
P. Jaeger. Etude sur l’Ecologie et la signification phytog&ographique d’Afrotrilepis jaegeri J. RaYNAL, Cyperacee saxicole end&mique des Monts Loma (Sierra L£one)
I. Kukkonen. Flavonoid chemistry of the Cyperaceae: a preliminary survey
Organized by T. Koyama.
510
>12 533
539
LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS LISTE DES COLLABORATEURS
Acocks, J. P. H., Botanical Research Institute, P. O. Box 994, Pretoria, South Africa
Adam, ]J. G., Faculte de Pharmacie, 2 rue St. Georges, Strasbourg, France
Adjanohoun E. Laboratoire de Botanique et Biologie Vegetale de l’Univer- site d’Abidjan, B. P. 8090, Abidjan, Cöte d’Ivoire
Agnew, A. D. Q., University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales, Great Britain
Ake Assi, L., Laboratoire de Botanique et de Biologie Vegetale de l’Univer- site d’Abidjan, B. P. 8090, Abidjan, Cöte d’Ivoire
Anoma, Gladys, Laboratoire de Botanique et de Biologie Vegetale de l’Uni- versite d’Abidjan, B. P. 8090, Abidjan, Cöte d’Ivoire
Bamps, P., 236, rue Royale, Bruxelles 3, Belgique.
Barbosa, L. A. Grandvanx, Facultade de Agronomıa, C. P. 236, Nova Lisboa, Angola
Berhaut, Pere J., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanerogamie, 16 rue Buffon, Paris V, France
Boulos, L. Botany Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. U.A.R.
Bourreil, P. Faculte des Sciences de St. Jeröme, Botanique, Traverse de la Barasse, Marseille 13, France
Codd, L. E., Botanical Research Institute, P.O. Box 994, Pretoria, South Africa
Conert, H. J., Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage 25, D 6000 Frankfurt a. M., Germany
Cufodontis, G., Botanisches Institut der Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, Wien, Austria
De Winter, B., Botanical Research Institute, P. ©. Box 994, Pretoria, South Africa
Dokosi, ©. B., Ghana Academy of Sciences, c/o Botany Department, Uni- versity of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
D’Orey, J. D. $S., Jardim et Museu Agricola do Ultramar, Belem, Lisboa 3, Portugal
Edwards, D., Botanical Research Institute, P. ©. Box 994, Pretoria, South Africa
El Hadidi, M. N., Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo Univer- sıty, Giza, Egypt
Evrard, C. M., Laboratoire de Botanique Systematique, Universite Lova- nıum, B. P. 145, Kinshasa, Rep. dem. Congo
Exell, A. W., Church Gates, Blockley, Glos., England
Fernandes, A., Instituto Botänico da Universidade, Arcos do Jardim, Coim- bra, Portugal
Frahm-Leliveld, J. A., Beatrixlaan 11, Bennekom, Netherlands
Gilbert, M. G., Faculty of Sciences, Haile Selassı I University, P. ©. Box 1176, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
Gordon-Gray, K. D., Bews Botanical Laboratories, University of Natal, Pie- termaritzburg, South Africa
Gran, J., Institut für Systematische Botanik der Universität München, Men- zinger Str. 67, D 8000 München 19, Germany
Haines, R. W., Medical School, Dept. of Anatomy, University of Ghana, P. ©. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
Hall, J. B., Dept. of Botany, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
Hepper, N. F., Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, Eng- land
Jacques-Felix, H. Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanerogamie, 16 Rue Buffon, Paris V / France
Jaeger, P., Facult@ de Pharmacie, 2 rue St. Georges, Strasbourg, France
Kabele-Ngiefu, C., Laboratoire de Chimie analytique, Universite Lovanıum, B. P. 145, Kinshasa, Rep. dem. Congo
Kammacher, P., Laboratoire de Botanique et de Biologie Vegetale de l’Uni- versite d’Abidjan, B. P. 8090, Abidjan, Cöte d’Ivoire
Keraudren-Aymonin, M., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Labora- toire de Phanerogamie, 16 Rue de Buffon, Paris V, France
Killick, D. J. B., Botanical Research Institute, P. ©. Box 994, Pretoria, South
Africa
Koyama, T., The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458, U.S.A.
Kukkonen, J., Department of Botany, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finnland
Kunkel, G., Tafıra Alta, Las Palmas de Canaria, Canary Islands
Lebrun, J.-P., Institut d’Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropi- caux, 10 rue Pierre Curie, F-94 Maisons-Alfort, France
Leeuwenberg, A. ]J. M., Laboratorium voor Plantensystematiek, Gen. Foul- kesweg 37, Wageningen, Netherlands
Leins, P., Institut für Systematische Botanik der Universität München, Men- zinger Str. 67, D 8000 München 19, Germany
Leistner, ©. A., Botanical Research Institute, P. ©. Box 994, Pretoria, South Africa
Leonard, J., 19 rue de Decembre, Bruxelles 15, Belgique
Le Thomas, A., Laboratoire de Phanerogamie, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 16 rue Buffon, Parıs V, France
Lisowski, $., Universite Officielle du Congo, Lubumbashi, Congo
Lucas, G. Ll., The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, Great Britain
Lye, K. A., Botanisk Institutt, N. L. H., 1432 Vollebekk, Norway
Malaisse, F., Universite Officielle du Congo, Laboratoire de botanique, B. P. 1825, Lubumbashi, Katanga, Rep. du Congo
Mangenot, G., Faculte des Sciences, Laboratoire de biologie vegetale, Orsay (S. et O.), France
Malaisse, F., Universite Officielle du Congo, Laboratoire de botanique, D 8000 München 19, Germany
Milne-Redhead, E., The Herbarıum, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Rich- mond, Surrey, Great Britain
Monod, Th., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire des P£ches Outre mer, 57 rue Cuvier, Parıs V, France
Morris, J. W., Botanıcal Research Institute, P. ©. Box 994, Pretoria, South Africa
Pichi-Sermolli, R. E. G., Instituto Botanico „Hanbury“ dell’Universitä, Cor- so Dogalı 1 C, Genova, Italia
Polhill, R. M., Herbarıum, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, Great Britain
Quezel, P., Faculte des Sciences de St. Jeröme, Botanique, Traverse de la Barasse, Marseille, France
Raymond, M., 4900 Pie IX Blvd. Apt. 10, Montreal 406. P.Q., Canada.
Raynal, A., Laboratoire de Phanerogamie du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 16 rue Buffon, Parıs V, France
Raynal, ]., Laboratoire de Phanerogamie du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 16 rue Buffon, Paris V, France
Robbertse, P. J., University of Port Elizabeth, Department of Botany, P. ©. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
Sanford, W. W., The University of Ife, Ile Ife, Nigeria
Schultze-Motel, W., Botanischer Garten und Museum, Königin-Luise-Straße 6—8, D 1000 Berlin 33, Dahlem, Germany
Schuyler, A. E., The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Phila- delphia 3, Pennsylvanıa, U.S.A.
Stanfield, D. P., f Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Stuart-Smith, A. M., c/o Forest Department, P. ©. Box 31, Entebbe, Ugan- da, East Africa
Symoens, J.-]J., Laboratoire de Biologie Generale et de Botanique, Univer- site Officielle du Congo, B. P. 1825, Lubumbashi, Congo
Täckholm, V:ivi, Botany Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Thyret, G., $ Institut für Systematische Botanik der Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, D 8000 München 19, Germany
Troupin, G., Universite de Liege, Department de Botanique, B 4000 Liege, Belgique
Van der Schijff, H. P., Department of General Botany, University of Preto- ria, Pretoria, South Africa
Vassal, J., Laboratoire de Botanique, Faculte des Sciences, F-31 Toulouse, France
Vieux, A., Laboratoire de Chimie analytique, Universite Lovanıum, B.P. 145, Kinshasa, Rep. dem. Congo
10
White, F., Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Department of Forestry, South Parks Road, Oxford, Great Britain
Wild, H., Department of Plant Science, University College of Rhodesia, P. B. 167 H, Salısbury, Rhodesia
Yanney Ewusie, J., University College of Cape Coast, Department of Bota- ny, Cape Coast, Ghana
11
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Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 13 1. 1221974
RAPPORT SUR LE PROGRES DANS LA PREPARATION DE LA FLORE DE L’AFRIQUE DU NORD
P. QUEZEL
La monumentale flore de Rene Maike publiee par les soins de ses succes- seurs en 6tait arrıve en 1967, A la parution du tome XIII consacre a la fın des Cruciferes. Jusqu’ä cette date, bon an mal an, 1 ou 2 fascicules parais- saient chaque anne dans la serie « Encyclopedie biologique » de la Librairie Lechevalier. Certes, de nombreuses critiques avaient &t€ adressees a cet ouvrage un peu trop redige dans le style des flores de la fin du siecle dernier, et ol la pulverisation en micromorphe peut &tre parfois jugee outranciere. Il n’en reste pas moins qu’il s’agit JA d’un ouvrage capital, traitant non seulement du Maghreb mediterraneen (y compris la Libye), mais aussi du Sahara jusqu’au seuil de l’Afrique tropicale, au niveau du 20&me parallele. C’est a ce titre que la flore d’Afrique du Nord interesse l’A.E.T.F.A.T.
La publication des quelques 22 tomes rediges par R. MAIRE (jusqu’au genre Astragalus) posait de&ja quelques problemes ; en effet les derniers tomes (Legumineuses) avaient &te ecrits par R. MAIRE apres le debut de la maladie qui devait l’emporter, et il Etait A peu pres impossible de les livrer au public dans l’etat ou il les avait rediges.
Mais depuis 1968, les difficultes majeures proviennent de l’editeur. En effet, un proces lui a Ete intente par certains heritiers de R. MAIRE pour non paiement des droits d’auteur, et depuis cette date, les Editions Lechevalier ont cesse de m’adresser la suite des &preuves du tome XIV. Mes lettres et mes visites sont restees inutiles. Il est douteux qu’une solution puisse tre trouvee dans un proche avenir, car il semble que cette maison d’edition connaisse en ce moment de tres graves difficultes financieres. La situation est d’autant plus embarrassante qu’un contrat lie les heritiers scientifiques de R. MAIRE aux editions Lechavalier, et que ces dernieres qui ont en leur possession le texte et les illustrations des 4 tomes suivants, ne paralssent pas desireuses d’aban- donner leurs droits.
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 14—16 1.12. 1971
THE FLORA OF LIBYA PROJECT L. BOULOS
INTRODUCTION
Libya is the only North African country that lacks a manual of its flora. Meanwhile, numerous books and papers have appeared on the subject. Some of these works provide lists of species of certain parts of the country (e. g. DuranD et BARRATTE, 1910; PAMPANINT, 1931; CorTı, 1942; KEITH, in press; etc.). Others cover, in the context of wider geographical areas, the whole country (e. g. MAIRE, 1952—1967) or parts of it (e. g. OzEnDA, 1954).
As is the case with many African countries, the study of Libyan plants for the purpose of preparing a flora is not an easy task. This is mainly due to the shortage of literature and of rich collections deposited in the country. The vast national territory, which embraces some areas difficult to explore, provides another obstacle to making basic collections within a reasonable time.
PROGRESS IN THE PREPARATION OF THE LIBYAN FLORA
a. Libyan collections. Being in Libya since September 1966 (immedia- tely after the VI A.E.T.F.A.T. Plenary Meeting in Uppsala), the author has been able to start a herbarium in the Botany Department of the Faculty of Science, University of Libya, Tripoli. Some 4,100 numbers have been collected, representing over 800 species, i. e. about 50 %/o of the species of the flora are now represented in the herbarıum. These were mainly collected from Gebel Akhdar, Gebel Nefousa, the Tripoli area, Gebel Uweinat and the Oases of Kufra, Tazerbo and Jalu.
b. Exchange program and foreign collections. "The aim of our exchange program is to get as many authentically determined specimens as possible from the Mediterranean region, especially North Africa.
Through the courtesy of the herbaria of Geneve (G), Lund (LD) and Firenze (FI), we were able to obtain some valuable old specimens collected from Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.
Exchange of specimens with many herbaria has been established. New contacts are welcome.
14
Some 520 numbers were collected from Central and Northern Tunisia in the Spring of 1968. These were kindly determined by Dr. A. SCHOENEN- BERGER of Tunis.
c. Literature. A bibliography on the flora and vegetation of Libya and some allied subjects (such as forestry, horticulture, climatology, geography, travels, etc.) has been compiled (BouLos, in press). This work comprises about 770 references. Of these most of the basic floras which deal with Libyan plants are present in the University Library. The majority of the papers mentioned in the bibliography are not however available in Libya.
THE REMAINING PHASE
During the years 1970—1973 collecting will be concentrated in the areas which have not yet been thoroughly explored, e. g. Gebel Uaddan, Gebel Ben Ghunaymah, Al Haruj Al Aswad, Al Hamada Al Hamra, Ubarıi, Ghat, Ghadames, Sebha, etc.
We are also planning to collect outside Libya, e. g. in the Marmarica region of Egypt where many species are comparable to the Mediterranean coastal flora of Libya.
Visits to the herbaria of Europe, especially those of Firenze, Kew, Paris and Geneve will enable us to study the Libyan plants deposited there and to identify our specimens, making use of their rich collections and Libraries.
It is hoped that during the coming five years (Sept. 1970 — Sept. 1975) we shall be lucky enough to complete a flora of Libya.
The number of species is expected to be about 1,600 plus about 400 infraspecific epithets.
The first step will be the preparation of a check list compiled from the literature and the deposited material in the herbarıia.
As almost all the works dealing with the Libyan flora have failed to give keys for the determination of the genera and species, the main purpose of our future flora will be the construction of good keys. For every family keys to the genera and species of each genus will be given. Short diagnostic descriptions of the genera and species will follow. Vernacular names of the species and their economic uses will be mentioned whenever known. The geographical distribution of every species within Libya will be mentioned with citations of certain specimens.
It is also hoped to include illustrations of certain critical species or details of their parts to facilitate determination.
As you see Ladies and Gentlemen, nothing has yet been published of the Flora of Libya in accordance with the above schema. Specialists are cor- dially invited to take part in the preparation of manuscripts of certain groups. Dr. H. ScHoız of Berlin-Dahlem, for example, will kindly provide a manuscript of Gramineae on which he is at present working.
15
After this short review, I should be delighted to listen to your comments and advice regarding the preparation of the Libyan flora, hoping that I have not been too ambitious in aiming to finish such a work within five years. If I have been so, it is because I count on getting a great deal of help and encouragement from my colleagues and friends who are interested in the preparation of this flora.
LITERATURE CITED
Bouros, L. Our present knowledge on the flora and vegetation of Libya — Biblio- graphy. (in press).
Corrı, R. Flora e vegetazione del Fezzän e della regione di Gat. Reale Soc. Geogr. Ital. 505 p., 32 pls., 1 map. Firenze (1942).
Durann, E. et BARRATTE, G. Florae Libycae Prodromus, ou Catalogue Raisonn& des Plantes de Tripolitaine. CXXVII, 330 p., 20 tab., 1 map. Geneve (1910).
KeıtuH, H. G. List of the Libyan plants classified according to their vernacular na- mes (in press).
MAIRE, R. Flore de !’Afrique du Nord. Encycl. Biol., Lechevalier. vols. I—XIII. Parıs (1952—1967).
OzEnpA, P. Flore du Sahara Septentrional et Central. 486 p. C.N.R.S. Paris (1954).
Pamraninı, R. Prodromo della Flora Cirenaica. 577 p., 6 tav. Forli (1931).
16
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München
122197
PROGRESSIN THE PREPARATION OF THE FLORA OFEGYPT
by vV. TACKHOLM
With regard to the comprehensive work entitled “Flora of Egypt”, it may be mentioned that this work started around 1925 when late Professor Gunnar TÄCKHOLM was called by the Egyptian Government to found the Botany Department of the Egyptian University (now Cairo Uni- versity).
This flora is based partly on our own plant collections made from all parts of the country, partly on the collections kept in Geneva, Kew, Berlin- Dahlem, Weimar, Stockholm, etc. The late Professor GunNAR TÄCKHOLM took part in the preparation of the first volume up to his death in 1933.
The late MOHAMMED DRrAar (died 1964) was participating in this work by his great knowledge of wild and cultivated Egyptian plants and their local uses. He selected the cultivated plants which ought to be included and in addition verified the Arabic names, spelling of localities and quotations out of the rich Arabic literature.
Concerning the wild plants, Flora of Egypt is mainly based on E. Boıs- sıer’s “Flora Orientalis” The descriptions of the plants are made short but sufficient enough to distinguish the species from each other.
It is published by the Cairo University Press (formerly Fouad I Uni- versity) as numbers of the Bulletin of the Faculty of Science. Vol. I (1941) includes Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and part of the families of Mono- cotyledoneae (Typhaceae — Gramineae). This is the only volume, in which G. TÄckHoLM took part. The following volumes are entirely the work of myself and M. Drar and published under our names only.
Vol. II (1950) includes another part of the Monocotyledoneae (Cypera- ceae — Juncaceae).
Vol. III appeared in 1954 and included a further part of Monocoty- ledoneae (Liliaceae — Musaceae). The 3 volumes are now out of print, but it is planned to have them reprinted within a near future.
Vol. IV, which was delayed by Drar’s death, appeared in 1969 and in- cludes the remaining part of Monocotyledoneae and the beginning of the Dicotyledoneae (up to Piperaceae).
17
The 4 volumes cover together about 30 °/o of the species of the Egyptian flora. At least 20 years more will be spent to complete the work.
Flora of Egypt is meant as an encyclopedic work to be consulted by research workers who want to penetrate more deeply into any field of Egyptian Botany. It gives the history of every plant, as far as it is known, from Pharaonic times up to the present. It contains detailed chapters on drugs, crops, cultivated plants, Pharaonic plants, etc. It gives the native names and uses of every plant and also its synonyms and localities where found.
A shorter and more handy flora for everyday use appeared in 1956 entitled “Students’ Flora of Egypt”. It only contains the wild plants of the country and is complete in one volume of 650 pages. It was prepared by myself in collaboration with MOHAMMED DRAR for the vernacu- lar names and AHMED A. ABDEL FADEEL for the drawn illustrations.
Also this flora is now out of print, but a new edition is under prepa- ration with all recent records included and the nomenclature brought up-to- date. It is planned to be richly illustrated and also to be accompanied by a special volume “Vegetation of Egypt” written by M. Kassas.
18
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 1921 1. 12. 1971
RAPPORT SUR LES PROGRES DANS LA PREPARATION DE LA FLORE DU SENEGAL
PERE JEAN BERHAUT
La premiere Flore du Senegal est le «Tentamen Florae Sene- gambiae», oeuvre de GUILLEMIN, PERROTTET et A. RICHARD, qui parut en 1830—1833 : la presentation £tait interessante et pratique, avec de nom- breuses planches de dessins.
Vint ensuite, en 1899, le livre du R. Pere S£sırE «Les plantes utiles du Senegal». Ce livre avait surtout l’intention de rendre ser- vice soit A la science, soit aux particuliers, en indiquant les proprietes de certaines plantes du Senegal, tout en sugg£rant qu’il serait peut-Etre possible d’acclimater un certain nombre de plantes utiles originaires d’autres pays tropicaux.
En 1931 la« Vegetation du Sen&gal» du Professeur TROCHAIN s’attachait surtout A l’Ecologie, tout en apportant une nette contribution A la connaissance des especes naturelles du Senegal.
En 1954 nous presentions la «Flore du Senegal» sous forme de cle analytique de vulgarisation. Notre but premier &tait de permettre A la jeunesse senegalaise — et m&me africaine — de pouvoir s’interesser A la Flore de leur pays et d’en reconnaitre les differentes especes, sans avoir de connais- sances botaniques speciales au point de vue syst@matique. Cette premiere edition essaya de grouper toutes les especes reconnues presentes au Senegal A cette epoque : il y en avait environ 1800. Cependant l’aire envisagee ne s’etendait que du fleuve Senegal au fleuve Gambie, comme limites Nord et Sud, et de la mer, A l’Quest, A la riviere Faleme, a l’Est. L’ann&e suivante, 1955, ce livre fut agremente de 10 planches en couleurs reproduisant 20 especes, et en 1957 encore 10 autres pages.
En 1967 sortit la 2° edition de cette Flore du Senegal. Cette fois elle embrassait le Senegal tout entier, y compris la Casamance, et englobait aussi le territoire de la Gambie. L’interet &tait d’y inclure le commencement de la For&t humide, ou Guineenne, puisque la Basse Casamance est connue comme la pointe la plus septentrionale de la Foret &quatoriale. Cette adjonction per- mit d’ajouter plus de 200 especes nouvelles A la liste des plantes sen£galaises.
Dans cette 2° &dition les plantes sont designees non seulement par leur nom scientifique — ce qui est indispensable — mais aussi par leurs noms vernaculaires dans les principales langues du Senegal : Bambara, Diola, Serere et Volof. Certaines d’entre elles portent m&me un nom frangais. Un
19
grand nombre cependant demeurent avec le seul nom scientifique, car ne possedent, en general, de nom vernaculaire que les plantes qui ont une utilite quelconque au point de vue domestique ou me&dicinal. L’illustration est egalement soignee : en plus des 20 pages en couleurs reprises de la premiere edition, il a &t€ ajoute 70 pages de dessins au trait repr&sentant environ 300 especes. Mais, destine A Etre utilise sur le terrain, ce livre devait rester porta- tif : il ne contient donc que les renseignements strictement necessaires pour arrıver au nom actuel de la plante, les synonymes etant reserves pour la <Elore Illustree du Senegal».
Composee specialement en vue d’aider ceux qui n’ont pas de connaissan- ces speciales en botanique, cette Flore peut cependant rendre service aux systematiciens — comme on a bien voulu nous le confirmer — dans le cas d’echantillons steriles ou incomplets Echappant a la syst@matique. Et, quoique son rayon d’action soit prevu pour le Senegal, ıl peut s’etendre bien au-dela des frontieres de ce pays. Pratiquement ıl est utilisable dans tous les pays afrıcains de savanes, et m&me au bord de la foret dense : le fond de la Flore africaine — sauf l’Afrique du Nord — est en effet partout identique, comme on peut le constater dans les collections de ’Herbier du Museum de Paris.
Depuis cette 2° @dition, les prospections ont continue et on pourrait d&ja ajouter plus de 150 especes au catalogue des plantes de ce pays. Ce qui porterait, pour le moment, la Flore du Senegal a pres de 2200 especes autoch- tones.
Actuellement une «Flore Illustr&e du Senegal» est en pr&- paration. Le premier tome est sous presse et doit sortir sans tarder. Cette Flore qui sera du format de la « Flore Forestiere de la Cöte d’Ivoire » et de la « Flore Forestiere Soudano-Guin&enne » de A. AUBREVILLE, est prevue en 10 ou 11 tomes d’environ 500 pages chacun. Les familles sont presentees dans l’ordre alphabetique et, dans chaque famille, les genres et les especes dans le m&me ordre.
Chaque plante sera representee, entiere ou en partie suivant le cas, grandeur naturelle ; parfois, en plus, certains organes seront grossis. En regard viendra la description de la plante. Celle-ci sera suivie de l’aire geographi- que : sont cites tous les pays dans lesquels peut se rencontrer la plante, d’apres les Echantillons presents au Museum de Paris, ou d’apres les renseigne- ments de la « Flora of West Tropical Africa ». Seront cites egalement les nume£ros d’Herbier des principaux collecteurs, principalement du Senegal, mais parfois aussi d’autres pays africains, surtout de la Guinee qui a beau- coup de points communs avec le Senegal.
Mention est faite ensuite de l’Iconographie d&ja parue depuis le debut de la Botanique, et vue par l’Auteur. Les usagers pourront de la sorte com- parer les details de la plante qui seront parfois plus complets dans certains ouvrages sp£&cialises en systematique.
Puis viennent tous les noms vernaculaires qui ont pu &tre r&cuperes dans les differentes langues du Senegal (une trentaine). Dans certaines ethnies plus nombreuses, les noms sont en assez grande quantite.
20
Pour terminer, ont &t& groupe&es, apres chaque plante, toutes les pro- prietes ou usages connus jusqu’ici : ces proprietes sont ou ont Et& en usage soit au Senegal, soit dans d’autres regions d’Afrique ou la plante est utilisee. Quoique ces proprietes puissent Etre employees par des particuliers, elles ont surtout pour but d’attirer l’attention des sp£cialistes et des chercheurs en pharmacopee qui pourront en retirer des remedes plus actifs et surtout mieux doses pour le traitement des maladies du pays.
Le livre se terminera par les tables, avec references des pages, de toutes les maladies et de tous les autres usages indiques dans le texte, des noms scientifiques et des synonymes, des noms frangais et des noms vernaculaires, une table pour chaque langue.
21
| Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München | 10 22—24 129
FLORE DE LA GUINEE PORTUGAISE — PAPILIONACEES —
JOSE DIOGO SAMPAYO D’OREY & MARIA CANDIDA LIBERATO
Quelques renseignements sur la flore en generale deduits de l’etude de cette famille
Les informations ici presentees ont EtE extraites de notre travail, que peut Etre considere le premier fascicule de la Flore de la Guin& Portugaise, qui comprend l’Etude de la famille Papilionaceae.
Cet etude a EtE possible de r&aliser parcequ’il y avait deja le cataloque des especes de la Guinee Portugaise, fait par EsTER PEREIRA DE SousA, du quel ont a deja publiees 10 contribuitions.
En parlant des antecedents de cet Etude, nous ne pouvons pas laisser de faire mention A l’herborisateur JoAQuIM EsPpıRITroO SANTO, qui a herborise a la Guinee Portugaise d’une fagon intensive et syst@matique, ayant deja 4681 nume£ros.
Premierement je desire presenter mes homages A ces deux botanistes, qui ont tellement contribue pour la connaissance de la flore de la Guin&e Portu- gaise.
Notre travail a Et& realise selon les mod£les generaux des flores, ga veut dire, qu’il y a des cles pour la determination des genres et especes, diagnose des genres, la principal bibliographie concernant chaque esp£ce, citation du materiel Etudie, la distribution geografique et ecologique des especes. Com- me complement on cite les noms comuns des differentes especes.
Dans la region &tudie on a observ& 51 genres et 170 especes appartenant au Papilionacees, ce que, mis en comparaison avec la Flore of West Tropical Africa de HurcHınson & DauzıeL, region dans laquelle la Guinee Portu- gaise est situe, represente respectivement 65 %/o et 36 P/o.
C’est bien naturel que le pourcentage des especes de la flore phaneroga- me de la Guinde Portugaise, en comparaison avec celle de la Flore of West Tropical Africa, excluant quelques familles et genres, que sont typiquement equatorials, soient dans la m&me proportion.
Comme suppl&ement au fascicule de la flore de la Guin&e Portugaise, on a fait quelques etudes complementaires.
Dans ce qui concerne la phytogeographie on a verifi& que les especes men tionndes se distribuent, a peu pres, de la fagon suivante:
A) Zone Tropical et Temperee: seulement 2 especes normalement cultives.
22
B) Pantropical et Subtropical: 2 especes C) Pantropical: 15 especes D) Paleotropicales: 10 especes E) Tropiques Afro-Ame£ricains: 8 especes 1 — Ne dependant pas de l’influence maritime — 5 especes 2 — Distribution litoral-atlantique — 3 especes F) Afrique tropical — 49 especes 1 — s’etendant jusqu’ä I’Inde — 4 especes 2 — s’etendant vers le Sud — 10 especes 3 — specifique de l’Afrique Tropical — 35 especes G) Afrique Tropical Occidental — 82 especes 1 — s’allongeant A l’Afrique Central — 22 especes 2 — specifiques de l’Afrique Tropical Occidental — 12 especes 3 — Afrique Tropical Occidental Nord — 48 especes a) De la Guinde Portugaise jusqu’® la Rep. Centre-Africaine et Tchade — 13 especes b) De la Guinde Portugaise jusqu’aux Cameroun ou Gabon — 5 especes c) De la Guinde Portugaise jusqu’ä la Nigerie — 8 especes d) De la Guin&e Portugaise jusqu’au Mali — 8 especes e) De la Guinde Portugaise jusqu’ä Serra Leoa — 8 especes f) specifiques du Senegal, Guinde Portugaise et Rep. de la Guinee — 1 espece g) Guinde Portugaise et Rep. Guinee — 1 espece h) Senegal et Guin&e Port. — 3 especes i) Guinee Port. — seulement la variet£ trifolie de I’Indigofera omıssa
H) Distributions anomales — 4 especes Sous le point de vue ecologique les especes se distribuent de la forme suivante:
Hydrophytie — 58 especes Foret hydrophile — 20 especes Galerie forestiere — 15 especes Lits des lignes d’eau — | espece Rives des lignes d’eau — 5 especes Alluvions humides — 5 especes Rives des rapides — 2 especes Clairieres ou bords de la galerie forestier — 14 especes Palmeraies — 9 especes
Xerophytie — 53 especes Foret xerophile — 11 especes Brousse xerophile — 20 especes Savanes — 21 especes Petrideserta — 1 espece
Halophytie — 12 especes Mangrove — 7 especes Sables de la plage — 5 especes Anthropogenie — 148 especes Cultives — 13 especes Jacheres (dants toutes) — 1 espece Ruderalia — 7 especes Paturages et jacheres humides, subhumides et mar&cages temporaires — 63 Paturages et jacheres seches — 64 Amplitude &cologique variable (Ruderalia, Xerophytie et hydrophytie — 2
Sous le point de vue phenologique, quoique les conclusions ne peuvent pas Etre considerees comme d£finitives parce que les el&ments ont £tes cueillis dans des herbiers, on verifie que le minimum de floraison a lieu au mois de Juillet, se donnant une augmentation progressive jusqu’au mois d’Octobre, diminuant lentement jusqu’a Decembre, tombant brusquement vers Janvier, et puis diminuant progressivement jusqu’au mois de Juillet.
Dans ce qui concerne la fructification, le minimum des especes dans cet etat a lieu aussi en Juillet, mais le maximum a lieu en Novembre, cet a dire, un mois apres le maximum de floraison, diminuant aussi comme celle-cı.
Dans un ouvrage annexe concernant les utilisations on mentionne 67 es- peces avec des utilites diverses, etant cependant naturel que, beaucoup d’elles non mencionees, specialement celles de la trıbu des Phaseolees, peuvent £tre des fourrageres ou bien cultures de couverture d’une certaine valeur.
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Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 25—26 1.12.1974 [ER RER Er re RENT er Fa.
PROGRESS OF THE FLORA OF WEST TROPICAL AFRICA
F. N. HEPPER
Since the last AETFAT Conference in 1966 this Flora has been virtually completed. The Monocotyledons, which form the last and third volume, were ready for publication in 1968, with the exception of Cyperaceae. As there was no hope of this family being ready for some time, I decided to split the volume into two parts and publish the first one separately. This conveniently included all the petaloıd monocotyledons with 37 families, 175 genera and 840 species. Five thousand copies were printed, but about two weeks after publication on 23 August 1968, the printing works was flooded! Enormous damage was done to the stocks and half of the newly printed Flora were destroyed, as well as many of the previous volumes. The employees at Whitefriars Press only managed to salvage the remainder by wading through flood water a meter deep. I am glad to say that insurance refunds have enabled the reprinting of Volume 3 Part 1 to make up for those destroyed.
The separation of the volume into two parts meant the retention of Gramineae, although Dr. W. D. CLayron completed the account some years ago. It is now being prepared for the press as Cyperaceae is nearing com- pletion. It became apparent that Miss $S. S. HoorEr would be unable to finish this family and I am grateful to Miss D. NAarpEr, who has much ex- perience of East African sedges, for taking on the outstanding genera. The whole part will soon be completed and I expect publication to take place next year. The small family Juncaceae will also be included, and in the three families there are 173 genera and about 890 species.
I am now able to provide a synopsis of the entire revised edition of “Flora of West Tropical Africa”:
Families Genera Species Ferns 27, 72 312 Gymnosperms 3 3 4 Dicotyledons 159 1298 c. 5200 Monocotyledons 40 c. 368 c. 1810 (approximate) Total: 229 1741 7326
Changes and additions are constantly being made and the above totals are certainly on the low side. For instance, 7500 could be taken as a rea- sonable figure for the number of species in West Africa.
Publication of the several volumes has taken place or is estimated as follows:
Volume I, part 1: 17 August 1954 (re-printed 1966) Volume I, part 2: 27 March 1958
Ferns and Fern-allies: October 1959
Volume II: 18 October 1963
Volume III, part 1: 26 August 1968
Plant collectors in West Africa: (late 1970)
Volume III, Part 2: (during 1971)
Gazetteer of West Africa: (during 1971)
Volume I, part 1 of the Flora was sold out and 2000 copies have been reprinted to allow purchasers to obtain the whole Flora. Although sufficient stocks of all the other parts are available at the present time, only 50 copies of Volume I, part 2, which includes Euphorbiaceae and Leguminosae, are left and funds may not be available for reprinting it.
Parallel to the Flora proper are two supplements, besides the “Ferns and Fern-allies” already published. “Plant Collectors in West Africa” is at the press and will be issued as a volume of Regnum Vegetabile.
The other supplement, a Gazetteer of West African localities cited in the Flora, is in preparation at Kew by Mrs. F. Neate, who also assisted with the Collectors supplement. It contains some 9000 entries and on publication it will conclude the whole “Flora of West Tropical Africa” project.
During 1969 Mr. H. M. BurkıLL recommenced work on the revision of J- M. Daızıer’s “Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa” (1937). The revision was started on a part time basis by Mr. T. A. Russerr while he was still at Kew and it is now fully supported by the Ministry of Overseas Development. The work will take some time to complete and publication is not envisaged for several years.
26
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München | 10 | 27—29 11221971
PROGRES DANS LA PREPARATION DE LA FLORE DE LA CÖTE D’IVOIRE
L. AKE ASSI
Les investigations botaniques de la Cöte d’Ivoire datent de l’Admi- nistrateur des colonies, H. PosEsuin, qui collectionna les plantes de la region lagunaire, Abidjan, Bingerville, Dabou et Grand-Bassam, ou il &tait en poste entre 1892 et 1897 ; Jorıy, alors charge du Jardin d’essais de Dabou, collec- tionna lui aussi dans la region lagunaire, mais les plantes du pays Adioukrou des alentours de Dabou, entre 1897 et 1900. En 1900, un autre Administra- teur des colonies, THOIRE£, recolta quelques Echantillons dans la region de San Pedro, dans le Sud-Oust de la Cöte d’Ivoire.
Mais c’est essentiellement A Auguste CHEVALIER que revient le me£rite d’avoir commence l’etude floristique de la Cöte d’Ivoire. Venant de la Guinde, il debarqua A Grand-Bassam en Fevrier 1905 : de Fevrier a Octobre, il parcourut le pays lagunaire, de Bingerville a Dabou, puis revint en France, avec d’importantes recoltes. De Decembre 1906 a Septembre 1907, au cours d’un deuxieme voyage, et en compagnie de son collaborateur, Francis FLEURY, > 4 F: [4 \ y de A > 5 il penetra plus profond&ment & l’interieur de la Cöte d’Ivoire, explora la grande for&t depuis la Comoe& jusqu’au Cavally et collectionna plus de 3.000 numeros d’echantillon de plantes. De Novembre 1908 A Octobre 1910, il
= EN \ retourna en Guinee, puis en Cöte d’Ivoire ou il prospecta, au-delä du massif des for&ts denses, les savanes du nord du pays. La Cöte d’Ivoire £tait alors un pays mal connu, sans reseau routier. Il Etait le seul botaniste a avoir tra-
TA A ie A verse la for&t entre les fleuves Sassandra et Cavally. Il revint en Cöte d’Ivoire plusieurs fois apres 1910 et son auvre dans cette contr&e est telle que l’on y trouve presque A chaque pas la trace de son effort. Il decrivit et nomma, ou m&me decouvrit de nombreuses especes nouvelles, dont beaucoup sont parmi les plus communes ou les plus remarquables de la flore de la Cöte d’Ivoire.
Andre AUBREVILLE est arrive en Cöte d’Ivoire en 1925 et, d’abord con- jointement avec son collögue et ami MARTINEAU (entre 1925 et 1931), puis seul, dirigea, pendant douze ans, le service des Eaux et Forets de la Cöte d’Ivoire. Des le debut, les exigences de son metier conduisirent M. AUBREVILLE & vouloir identifier exactement les arbres precieux, alors souvent confondus dans les chantiers d’exploitation ; ainsi entraine, peu A peu, A prospecter tou- jours le plus largement les for&ts, M. AUBREVILLE, en compagnie d’un garde forestier, AKE AnGUI, mon pere qui, malheureusement n’est plus, les par-
BF
courut en tous sens, distinguant minutieusement tous les arbres et arbustes, etudiant leur distribution, constituant, peu A peu l’herbier dendrologique de 2.300 nume£ros que conserve le Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. De nombreuses especes nouvelles ont &t€ ainsi decouvertes, puis etudiees et decrites avec la collaboration de notre regrette Frangois PELLE- GRIN, alors Professeur au Museum. Ainsi a pu &tre composee la magnifique « Flore Forestiere de la Cöte d’Ivoire », livre d’une profonde originalite, tou- jours fondamental, Vade mecum des botanistes de l’Quest africain, in- dispensable compl&ment des grands ouvrages britannıques de determination.
S’interessant aux problemes agricoles de la Cöte d’Ivoire, et plus parti- culierement de la region montagneuse de l’Quest, R. PORTERES r&unit au cours de ses tournees, entre 1931 et 1937, une importante collection de plantes provenant des massifs de Man et du Nimba.
A. AUBREVILLE succeda, comme chef de service des Eaux et For£ts, son collaborateur, L. BEGu£, arrıve en Cöte d’Ivoire en 1931 et, lui aussi, tres pr&occup& de botanique, ıl est l’auteur d’une remarquable &tude sur la flore forestiere de la haute Cöte d’Ivoire.
Nous devons aussi a MM. AUBREVILLE et BEGUE la mise en reserve de nombreux et vastes Echantillons de for£ts, disperses dans l’ensemble du terri- toire.
Entre 1942 et 1950, base au Mont Nimba (Guinee), R. SCHNELL £tudia, en m&me temps que le Mont Nimba et ses environs, la region comprise entre Man et la frontiere guineenne. Parti de Man, il descendit jusqu’ä Grabo, escaladant en passant, le Mont Nienokoue. M. SCHNELL est auteur de plusieurs articles botaniques sur la Cöte d’Ivoire.
Malgre les efforts des premiers savants, la flore de la Cöte d’Ivoire £tait encore loin d’etre parfaitement connue. C’est pour completer cette a@uvre collective que, le Professeur MANGENOT, arrive en Cöte d’Ivoire en 1945, et alors Directeur de !’I.D.E.R.T. d’Adiopodoumeg, reprit et continua, des 1946, l’etude taxonomique et phytosociologique de la Cöte d’Ivoire, pendant douze ans. En m&me temps qu’il etudiait la vegetation, il formait des &l&ves, futurs botanistes, parmi lesquels d’abord le Professeur J. MIEGE, qui s’interessa töt a la flore des savanes, et se specialisa dans les groupes suivants de plantes: Dioscoreacees, Icacinacees et Menispermacees ; moi-m&me, devenu depuis un taxonomiste polyvalent ; Nicolas Harzf, qui etudia alors les Hippocra- teac&es ; Marcel BopaArp, les Cola ; puis Claude FArRoNn, les Ouratea.
Afın de mieux approfondir nos connaissances et Etudier plus largement la vegetation de la Cöte d’Ivoire, le Professeur MANGENOT forma, A partir de 1956, d’autres jeunes botanistes, qu’il interessa A divers sujets. Parmi eux, le Professeur ADJANOHOUN, pour l’Etude des savanes ; GUILLAUMET, pour l’etude ecologique du Sud-Ouest de la Cöte d’Ivoire ; F. Harıf, pour l’etude mor- phologique de quelques especes ligneuses ; LOROUGNON, pour l’etude des Cype£rac£es de foret.
Au cours de brefs ou longs sejours en Cöte d’Ivoire, d’autres botanistes ont contribue a l’avancement de l’etude floristique. Les principaux sont : DES
28
ABBAYES, J.-G. ADAM, M. AHyı, BOUGHEY, FAVARGER, HEDIN, JACQUES-FELIX, JAEGER, NORMAND, NOZERAN, J. et A. Raynaı, le Professeur DE Wır et ses eleves les freres DE WILDE, BRETELER, LEEUWENBERG.
Les investigations des uns et des autres nous ont permis de denombrer et cataloguer dans l’ensemble du territoire, 4892 especes de plantes vasculai- res, reparties en 202 familles dont 22 de Pteridophytes et 1228 genres dont 52 de Pteridophytes. Il convient d’ajouter A ce nombre 48 especes non identi- fiees. Ces chiffres ne sont certainement pas definitifs, mais nous pensons que dans l’ensemble, les vegetaux sont assez bien connus pour que l’on envisage la redaction d’une future flore generale de la Cöte d’Ivoire.
Jusqu’en 1957, le nombre des especes cataloguees pour l’ensemble de la Cöte d’Ivoire &tait de 2900 ; de 1958 a 1969, soit 12 ans apres, nous avons trouve 1992 especes de plus, et auxquelles il faut ajouter les 48 especes non identifiees, soit environ 170 especes par an.
29
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 30—37. 12121974
LA FLORE AGROSTOLOGIQUE DE COTE D’IVOIRE
EDOUARD ADJANOHOUN, PAUL KAMMACHER, GLADYS ANOMA & AKE ASSI
Les recherches taxonomiques sont actuellement tres avancees pour la Cöte d’Ivoire et le souci de rediger la flore generale de ce pays pr&occupe de plus en plus ses botanistes. La technique preconisee est la realısation d’un certain nombre d’etudes monographiques A partir des differentes familles, sui- vant leur importance. La flore agrostologique est une premiere tentative dans cette vole.
« La flore forestiere de la Cöte d’Ivoire » par A. AUBREVILLE, livre d’une originalite remarquable qui ne traite que des arbres et arbustes, constitue un vade mecum precieux pour la connaissance des essences forestieres dont l’ex- ploitation est capıtale pour l’economie de la Cöte d’Ivoire. De m&me la flore agrostologique qui lui succedera est indispensable ä l’heure ou le developpe- ment de l’elevage devient un des soucis majeurs de la politique agricole du pays.
Commence depuis bientöt deux ans par les botanistes de l’Universite d’Abidjan, sous le haut patronage du Ministere de la Production Animale (Service de l’Agrostologie et de la Production Fourrag£ere), elle couvrira l’ensemble des Graminees recensees. Outre les aspects taxonomiques classiques et technologiques, elle utilisera les pr&cisions indispensables apportees par les recherches cytogen£tiques ou caryologiques.
La Cöte d’Ivoire compte A l’heure actuelle environ 300 especes de Graminees reparties entre 86 genres, subdivises en 15 tribus.
Le catalogue des especes presente ci-apres est organise a partir de l’Her- bier de l’Universite d’Abidjan qui detient les doubles de celui de l’ıpErT d’Adiopodoume£. Il indique pour chaque espece le nombre de nume£ros (1175 au total) ;ä ces derniers il convient d’ajouter environ 300 autres d’un herbier pour les recherches cytologiques, non encore classe. Les nombres chromosomi- ques comptes dans notre laboratoire, A partir de mitoses ou de m&ioses, sont egalement mentionnes (?2n = ....).
1. Bambuse&es
1. Bambusa vulgaris SCHRAD. (1) 2. Guaduella oblonga Hurch. (5) 3. Oxytenanthera abyssinica Munro (2)
30
2. Festuce&es
4. Centotheca mucronata O. KTzE (Megastachya mucronata BEauv. (3) 5.C. lappacea Desv. (3) 6. Streptogyne gerontogaea Hook. (3) —2n = 24
3. Arundineces
7. Phragmites vulgaris Druce (4)
4. Eragrostees
8. Dactoyloctenium aegyptium (Lınn.) BEAuv. (4) 9. D. geminatum Hack. (2) 10. Dinebra retroflexa Panzer (1) 11. Eleusine coracana GAERTN. (1) 12. E. indica GAERTN. (3) 13. Elytrophorus spicatus (WırLD.) A. Camus (1) 14. Eragrostis aethiopica A. CHev. (1)
15. E. aspera (JacQ.) NEes (3)
16. E. atrovirens (DEsr.) TRın. ex STEUD. (5) 17. E. blepharostachya K. Schum. (2)
18. E. cambessediana STEun». (1)
19. E. cilianensis Lurarı (1)
20. E. ciliaris (Liınn.) R. Br. (3)
21. E. egregia CLAYToNn (2)
22.E. fluviatilis A. Cnev. (2)
23. E. gangetica STEuUD. (9)
24. E. glanvillei C. E. HugsarD (3) 25.E. linearis BENTH. (5)
26. E. namaquensis Nees (2)
27.E. pilosa BEAuv. (2)
28. E. scotelliana RENDLE (7)
29. E. squamata STEUD. (4)
30. E. tenella Rorm. et SCHULT. (3)
31. E. tremula HochsTt. ex STEUD. (7) 32.E. turgida de WıLn. (2)
33. E. vinicolor var. pallida A. CHev. (4)
34. Leptochloa chinensis NEes (6) 35.L. coerulescens StEun. (2) 2n = 20 36. Tripogon minimus Hochsrt. ex A. CHev. (5) 2n = Ca = 20
5. Chloride&es
37. Brachyachne obtusiflora (BENTH.) C. E. HuBBarD (1) 38. Chloris barbata Sw. (3) 39. C. breviseta BENTH. (2)
40. 41. 42. 43.
44. 45.
46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Due
92:
C. gayana KunTH (1)
C. pilosa ScHhum. et THonn. (7) C. pycnothryx Trın. (6)
C. robusta STAPF (3)
Chrysochloa hindsii C. E. HugsarDp (1) Ctenium canescens BENTH. (2)2n = 18
C. elegans KunTH (4)
C. newtonii Hack. (17) 2n = 36 Cynodon dactylon Pers. (2) Lepturella aristata STAPF (2)
Microchloa indica (Linn. f.) BEAuv. (5) 2 n
M. obtusiflora BENTH. (2) Schoenefeldia gracilis KunTtH (2)
6. Sporobol£es
53. Sporobolus dinklagei Mer. (1) 54. $. festivus Hochsr. (7) 55. S. infirmus Mez (1) 56. $. Jjacguemontii KunTtH (1) 57. $. microprotus STAPF (4) 58. $. minutiflorus Lınk (3) 59. S. pectinellus Mez (3) 2n = 24 60. $. pyramidalis P. BEauv. (7) 2n = 24 61. S. sanguineus RENDLE (2) 62.5. spicatus KunTH (1) 63. 5. subglobosus A. CHev. (7) 64. $. virginicus KunTH (3) 7. Stipees 65. Aristida adscensionis Linn. (4) 66. A. cumingiana Trın. et Rupr. (1) 67. A. graciliflora Pırc. (1) 68. A. hordacea KunTH (3) 69. A. kerstingiüi Pırc. (1) 70. A. longiflora Schum. et THonn. (2) 71. A. recta FRANcK (5) 72. A. sieberiana Trın. (1) 73. A. stipoides Lam. (1)
8. Zoisiees
74. Perotis indica BEAuv. (3) 75. Zoysia tenuifolia Wird. ex Trın. (1)
32
Ca = 48
9. Oryzees
76. AR 78. 79. 80. 31. 82. 83. 84.
10.
85. 86.
I.
87.
12:
88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93: 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
13.
101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107.
Leersia hexandra SwARTZ (6)
Oryza barthii A. CHEv. (8)
O. breviligulata A. CHeEv. et ROERICH. ex A. CHEv. (5) O. eichingeri PETER (3)
O. glaberrima STEun. (2)
O. longistaminata A. CHEv. et RoERrIcH (1)
O. punctata KotscHy (1)
O. sativa Linn. (1)
O. stapfii RoscHev. (1)
Pharees
Leptaspis cochleata 'THwAaItEs (8) 2n = 24 L. comorensis A. Camus (1)
Olyrees
Olyra latifolia Linn. (8) 2n = 22
Arundinellees
Danthoniopsis pobeguinii Jac. F£ı. (1)
Loudetia ambiens C. E. HussarD (12) 2 n = 20 Loudetia arundinacea (Hochsr. ex A. RıcH.) StEun. (17) L. hordeiformis (Starr) C. E. HusBarD (9)
L. kagerensis C. E. HussBaro (8)
L. phragmitoides C. E. Hugsarp (5) 2n = 40
L. simplex C. E. Hussarp (23) 2n = 40
L. superba de Nor (4)
L. ternata C. E. HuBsaro (1)
L. togoensis (Pırc.) C. E. HuBBARD (3)
Loudetiopsis capillipes C. E. Hussarop (1)
Tristachya kerstingii (PıLc.) C. E. HussarD (6) 2n = 20 T. scaettae A. Camus (2)
Panicees
Acroceras amplectens STAPrF (2)
A. zizanioides Danpy (8)
Alloteropsis paniculata (BENTH.) STAPF (3)
Anthephora cristata (DoELı.) Hack. ex de Wırn. et Dur. (2) Axonopus compressus P. BEAuv. (3)
A. flexnosus (PETER) Huse. (6) 2 n = 60
Beckeropsis uniseta K. Schum. (6) 2n = 18
33
108. Brachiaria brachylopha STAPF (6)
109. B. brizantha (Hochsrt. ex A. RıcH.) STAPF (1) 110. B. deflexa C. E. HuBBARrD (4)
111. B. distachyoides STAPF (5)
112. B. distichophylla STarr (8)
113. B. fulva Starr (B. jubata Starr) (5) 2n = 18 114. B. lata (ScHum.) C. E. HuBBARrD (5)
115. B. mutica STAPF (4)
116. B. ramosa STAPF (1)
117. B. stigmatisata (MEZ) STAPFE (5)
118. B. stipitata C. E. HuBBARD (2)
119. B. xantholeuca STAPF (2)
120. Cenchrus biflorus Roxe. (3)
121. Commelinidium gabunense (Hack.) STAPF (C. nervosum STAPr) (7) 2n = 36 122. Cyrtococcum chaetophoron (RoEM. et SCHULT.) DAnDY (3)
123. C. setigerum STAPF (1)
124. Digitaria adscendens HENRARD (4)
125. D. atrofusca (Hack.) A. Camus (1)
126. D. chevalieri Starr (D. leptorrhachis [Pırc.] STAPF) (4) 127. D. debilis (Desr.) Wırıo. (5)
128. D. delicatula STAPF (5)
129. D. diagonalis var. hirsuta TrouPrın (2) 130. D. exilis (Kırrıst) STAPr (1)
131. D. fuscescens (Presl) HENRARD (3)
132. D. gayana (KunTH) STAPF (5)
133. D. horizontalis WırLn. (2)
134. D. iburua STArr (1)
135. D. longiflora Pers. (3)
136. D. marginata var. fimbriata STAPr (2) 137. D. nudata ScHum. (1)
138. D. perrottetii STAPr (1)
139. D. seminuda STAPF (4)
140. D. uniglumis STAPF var. major STAPF (4) 141. D. velutina P. BEauv. (2)
142. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. (9)
143. E. crus-pavonis SCHULT. (5)
144. E. pyramidalis HırcH. et CHase (6)
145. E. stagnina (ReTz.) P. Beauv. (1)
146. Isachne buettneri Hack. (4)
147.1. kiyalaensis Rogyns (1)
148. Melinis minutiflorus P. BEauv. (2)
149. M. tenuissima STAPF (2)
150. Oplismenus burmannii P. BEauv. (4) 2n = 72 151. ©. hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. (12) 2n = 72 152. Panicum adenophorum K. Schum. (1) 153. P. afzelii Sw. (2)
154. P. antidotale (1)
155. P. aphanoneurum STaPr ex A. CHev. (7) 156. P. brevifolium Lınn. (2)
157. P. calvum Starr (1)
34
204. 205. 206. 207.
DS u 5 u u u u u Nu u Nu hu Nu hu hu hu hr
. P. congoense FRANCH. (3)
. dregeanum Nees (5)
. fluviicola STEuD. (2)
. fulgens Starr (9)
griffonii Francn. (9) 2n = 40
griffonii var. glabrispicula C. E. HussarD (1) . hystrix STEUD. (1)
. kerstingii Mez (8) 2 n = 18
. kisantuense VANDERYST ex ROBYNS (1)
. laxum Sw. (3)
. lineatum Trın. (2)
lindleyanum Nezs ex STtEuD. (5)2 n = 18 maximum JacQ. (4)
parvifolium Lam. (5)
. phragmitoides STAPF ex A. CHEv. (8)
. pilgeri MEz (7)
. proliferum var. longijubatum STarr (1) psendapricus STAPr (Cf. A. pseudapricus STAPF, p. 10) . pubiglume STAPF (2)
. repens Linn. (5)
. subalbidum KunT# (2)
. Parateria prostrata GRISEB. (3)
. Paspalidium geminatum (FoRrsk.) STAPF (3)
. Paspalum auriculatum Prest (1)
. P. scrobiculatum var. commersonii STAPF (8) 2n = 40
conjugatum BeErc. (3) notatum FLuEGGE (1)
vaginatum Sw. (3) virgatum (1)
12% P. . P. scrobiculatum var. polystachyum STAPF (11) 12% 12.
. Pennisetum hordeoides (Lam.) STEuD. (1)
. P. mollissimum Hocasr. (1)
. P. pedicellatum Trın. (8)
. P. polystachyon SCHULT. (6)
. P. purpureum ScHuM. (3) 2n = 28
. P. subangustum STaPr et C. E. HuBsarDp (5) 2n = 36 .P. typhoides (Burm.) Starr et C. E. HussarD (1) . Pseudechinolaena polystachya STAPF (2)
. Rhynchelytrum repens C. E. HugBarD (6)
. Sacciolepis africana C. E. HusBarDp (4)
.S. chevalieri STAPF (3)
ciliocincta (PıLGER) STAPF (4) cymbiandra STAPF (4)
micrococca Mzz (5) wittei RoByns (2) Setaria anceps STAPF (8) S. aurea Hochsrt. ex A. Br. (1) $. barbata KunTH (6) S. chevalieri Starr (3) 2 n = 18
S. S: . S. interrupta STAPF (4) S- S.
35
208. $S. kagerensis MEz (2)
209. $. longiseta BEauv. (9) 2n = 36
210. $S. megaphylla Dur. et ScHinz (8) 2n = 36
211. S. pallidifusca (ScHum.) STApr et C. E. HUBBARD (7) 212. $. sphacelata (ScHum.) STAPF et C. E. HuBBARrD (7) 213. $. verticillata (Lınn.) BEAuv. (1)
214. Stenotaphrum secundatum O. Kuntze (1)
215. Urochloa lata (Schum) C. E. HuBBarD (1)
14. Andropogondes
216. Anadelphia afzeliana STArr (1)
217. A. arrecta STAPF (Pobeguinea arrecta Jac. FEL.) (9) 218. A. leptocoma STAPF (3)
219. A. longifolia Starr (7) 2n = 20
220. A. tenuifolia STAPF (2)
221. Andropogon africanus FranchH. (12) 2 n = 40
222. A. amplectens NEes (5)
223... ascınodis C- B. Ci (1)
224. A. auriculatus STAPF (5)
225. A. canaliculatus ScHum. (4)
226. A. canaliculatus var. fastigiatus STAPF (1)
227. A. curvifolius W. D. CLayTon (6) 2n = 20 228. A. gabonensis Starr (1)2n = 40
229. A. gayanus Kunta (5) 2n = 40
230. A. gayanus var. bisguamulatus Hack. (3)
231. A. gayanus var. squamulatus (HochHsTt.) STAPF (6) 232. A. ivorensis ADJANOHOUN et CLAYTON (4)
233. A. linearis STAPF (3)
234. A. macrophylius Starr (5) 2n = 40
235. A. patris Rogyns (1)
236. A. perligulatus STAPF (5)
237. A. pseudapricus Starr (9) 2n = 20
238. A. schirensis HocHsrt. ex A. Rıcn. (8) 2 n = 20 239. A. tectorum SCHUM. (8)
240. A. tenuiberbis Hack. (1) 2n = 20
241. Bothriochloa intermedia var. acidula (Starr) C. E. HuBBarD (2) 242. Chasmopodium caundatum (Hack.) Starr (10) 2n = 16
243. Chrysopogon aciculatus Trın.
244. Coelorrhachis afraurita (STAPF) STAPF (3)
245. Cymbopogon giganteus CHıov. (10) 2n = 20
246.C. proximus STAPF (5)
247. Diectomis fastigiata KuntH (6) 2n = 20
248. Diheteropogon amplectens var. katangensis (CHıov.) CLAYToN (1) 249. Elionurus chevalieri STarr (1)
250. E. elegans KunTH (6)
251. E. euchaetus ADJANOHOUN et CLAyYToN (3) 2 n = 10
252.E. platypus Hacx. (2)
253. E. pobeguinii Starr (2) 2 n = 10
36
254
255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. .Imperata cylindrica P. BEauv. (2) PR 273. 274. 27.3. 276. DT 278. 27.9: 280. 231. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293: 294. 295. 296. 297.
271
15.
298 299 300
. E. tenax STAPF (1)
Elymandra androphila Starr (9)
E. subulata Jac. F£ı. (2)
Euclasta condylotricha (HochHsrt.) STAPF (5) Hackelochloa granularis (SwarTz) O. KTze (4) Heteropogon contortus (L.) ROEM. et SCHULT. (5) Hemarthria fasciculata KunTH (2) Hyparrhenia chrysargyrea STAPr (10) 2 n = 20 H. cyanescens STAPF (1)
H. diplandra (Hack.) Starr (7) 2n = 40
H. dissoluta C. E. Hugsarop (11)
H. familiaris STAPF (3)
H. gracilescens STAPF (2)
H. involucrata STAPF (1)
H.rufa Starr (14)
H. subplumosa STAPF (9)
H. welwitschii (RENDLE) STAPF (2)
Ischaemum indicum (HouTT.) MERRILL (5) Monocymbium ceresiiforme (NEEs) STAPF (13) M. deightonii var. tonkoui Jac. Fer. (1)2n = 20 Parahyparrhenia annua (Hack.) CLAaYToNn (2) Rhytachne gracılis STAPr (2)
R. minor PıLGek (2)
R. rottboellioides Desv. (6)
R. triaristata (STEUD.) STAPF (2)
Rottboellia exaltata Lınn. (7) 2n = 20 Saccharum officinarum Lınn. (1) Schizachyrium brevifolium NEEs (2)
S. compressum STAPF (1)
S. exile Starr (5)
S. nodulosum (Hack.) STAPF (1)
S. platyphyllum STarr (5)
S. pulchellum STAPF (4)
S. sanguineum (RETz) Aston (16) 2n = Ca 50 S. semiberbe NEEs (4)
Sorghastrum bipennatum (Hacx.) Pırc. (8) Sorghum arundinaceum STAPF (6) Trachypogon spicatus (L. f.) Kuntze (1) Urelytrum annuum STarr (1)
U. muricatum C. E. HUBBARD (4)
Vetiveria fulvibarbis Starr (2)
V. nigritana STAPF (5)
Vossia cuspidata GRIFF. (1)
Maydees
. Coix lacryma-jobi Lınn. (5) . Tripsacum laxum (1) . Zea mays Linn.
37
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 38—39 1.41221974
THE FLORA OF NIGERIA D. P. STANFIELD +
When work was started on a flora of the vascular plants of Nigeria written from the point of view of a reader with little knowledge of botany, it was decided that the first section should deal with Gramineae. The Fe- deral Department of Agriculture generously donated 500 pounds towards the cost of the illustrations. This section was printed and published in 1970 by the Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, Nigeria for the very modest selling price of nine shillings. A copy of the book accompanies this report. For technical reasons the illustrations have been bound separately from the text. This has the advantage that it will enable better plates to be substituted, or new ones added, without reprinting the text.
Subsequent sections will be published in the same form, the emphasis being on the rapid identification of plants in the field. The keys have been specially designed for this purpose, the aim being to sort .out those taxa having similar sets of characters, particular attention being paid to choosing characters that can be observed without dissection or anything more complex than a ruler and a hand lens. The advantage of this type of key to the layman is that his attention is automatically drawn to groups that may be superficially like other taxa to which they are not related. Limitations of space, especially when dealing with large groups, often make it impossible to do this in ordinary dichotomous keys: all the characters on one sıde of the key cannot be repeated, or specifically rejected, on the other side. Consequently the layman, or even an experienced botanist, may mis-identify his specimen because he is uncertain whether it ought to possess a certain character or not.
It is hoped to have the manuscripts of Cyperaceae, Orchidaceae, and monocotyledonous herbs not dealt with elsewhere, completed by the end of 1971. Each will be of the same sıze as the book on Grasses.
Four sections are planned to cover trees and shrubs. As far as trees are concerned the text will be based on the book “Nigerian Trees” suitably abbreviated. It was originally intended that the shrubs should be treated separately but the present view of the Editorial Committee is that it is often difficult to make valid distinctions between shrubs and trees, especially in the case of saplings, and that it would be better to combine the two. Three sections will deal with forest trees and shrubs, and one with savanna trees and shrubs. Probably a minimum of five years from now will be required to complete these sections.
38
Climbing plants will require two sections. It is hoped that work on them will be concurrent with work on trees and shrubs and that the manu- script will be ready by the end of 1976.
Probably it will not be possible to start work on the dicotyledonous herbs, which will take up at least two sections, until all the sections mentioned above have been published, say by 1980. Various unconnected groups, however, including ferns, water plants, and cultivated exotics, may be written up earlier if authors happen to be available. As with all the plants to be included in the Flora of Nigeria, the essential work is obser- vation of living material and descriptions are based on this rather than on herbarıum material.
In future, so that a check may be made on the reliability of the work, each description will be accompanied by the citation of a verified specimen lodged with a herbarium of international repute, and each illustration will cite the specimen on which the drawing is based.
The approximate date of publication of the final volume ıs 1990.
39
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 40—42 lau 2 ei
FLORE DU GABON A. LE THOMAS
Entreprise en 1961 sous l’ımpulsion du Professeur A. AUBREVILLE et poursuivie actuellement avec la co-direction scientifique du Professeur J.-F. Leroy, l’etude de la Flore du Gabon s’est poursuivie de fagon tres active depuis 1966. Si le nombre des familles publiees peut paraitre peu eleve (5 seulement), il faut cependant remarquer qu’il s’agit de groupes systematiques particu- lierement importants pour la flore de cette region.
Les Acanthacees (H. HEınE 1967) tres abondantes dans les regions tropi- cales sont representees au Gabon par 32 genres et 80 especes largement repandues dans toute la zone de foret dense d’Afrique Centrale. Toutes les especes sont figurees et la plupart pour la premiere fois. Le demembrement d’une espece de Justicia a donne lieu A la creation du genre nouveau Ascotheca, endemique du Gabon et du Cameroun.
Les Vitacees (1968) sont presque exclusivement forestieres dans les regions @quatoriales ot elles sont representees par des lianes greles ou + for- tes. M. B. Descoings reconnait actuellement au Gabon 4 genres et 21 especes de vaste r&partition. La famille monogenerique des Leeacees compte une seule espece largement repandue en Afrique continentale: Leea guineensis G. Don que l’on trouve dans les formations forestieres secondaires au Gabon.
Dans ce m&me volume, M. N. Haııf, redacteur de la Flore, a publie une notice sur les herbiers du grand botaniste recolteur G. LE TesTu, disparu en 1967, dont 10.000 specimens environ sont conserves au Museum de Paris. Cette notice est tres utilement completee par un relev& de ses itineraires et lieux de recoltes, etabli et cartographie par M. J. RaynaAL, permettant de localiser facilement de tres petits villages qui ne figurent pas sur les cartes couramment utilisees, et de retrouver les plantes au cours de nouvelles mis- sions.
De nombreuses r&evisions importantes avaient &te faites depuis quelques annees sur la famille des Legumineuses. La parution du volume des C£sal- pinioidees par M. A. Ausr£vırre dans la Flore du Gabon (1968) complete heureusement la connaissance syst@matique de cette sous-famille, une des plus importantes de la flore des for&ts denses humides simpervirentes de la region camerouno-gabonaise, tant par le nombre d’especes (62 g., 175 sp.) que par la place dominante que certaines prennent localement dans les peuplements telles, les for&ts presque pures de Gilbertiodendron Dewevrei. Cette sous famille est composede presque uniquement d’arbres et d’arbustes puisqu’elle
40
ne compte que 6 genres lianescents dont 2 seulement, Griffonia et Duparquetia, appartiennent A la flore africaine. L’identification de tous ces arbres est souvent difficile, surtout en presence de mate£riel sterile ; les tableaux de la Flore groupant les genres par caracteres remarquables aident A resoudre ces difficultes.
On peut €egalement dire des Annonacees que l’etude faite par Mme A. Le Tnomas (1969) est venue completer la connaissance de la famille dans les regions @quatoriales d’Afrique. Malgr& les grandes lacunes existant actuelle- ment dans la prospection botanique au Gabon, la region forestiere camerou- no-gabonaise apparait, pour cette famille encore, comme la plus riche en Afrique, tant par le nombre de ses representants que par le pourcentage d’end&misme specifique. 29 genres et 119 especes ont &te reconnus au Gabon ; un seul genre lianescent est end&mique : Pseudartabotrys. On y retrouve la presence du genre congolais Toussaintia particulierement remarquable par ses caracteres primitifs, avec une espece nouvelle au Gabon. La classification tres artificielle de cette famille a appel& de nombreuses remarques au nıveau generique. Une Etude palynologique approfondie completera les r&sultats de cette etude morphologique descriptive.
Actuellement sous presse, et devant paraitre en 1970, la deuxieme partie des Rubiacees est traitee par M. N. Haıı£. Deux tribus y sont groupees : les Argostemmatidees bien representees en Asie avec plus de 100 especes, sont particulierement pauvres en Afrique ou l’on ne compte que deux especes du genre Argostemma et une seule au Gabon. Par contre, les Gardeniees (26 genres, 128 especes), toutes arbustes ou lianes, sont tres abondantes au Gabon dans la for&t dense ombrophile, principalement dans la strate arborescente inferieure, parfois en sol inondable, avec de belles et volumineuses fleurs. Ce sont les plus primitives des Rubiacees actuelles reconnues par l’auteur. Ce volume est remarquable par son illustration, souvent @laboree a partir de documents pris sur le terrain, fournissant une analyse detaillee des placenta- tions ou de caracteres originaux comme la coupe transversale des antheres.
La famille des Cucurbitaces n’a pas fait l’objet de synthese dans la Flore, Mme M. KERAUDREN-AYMONIN ayant juge ce travail prematur& en raison du peu de mat£riel recolt€ au Gabon pour ce groupe. Un inventaire des especes connues a cependant et£ realise dans Adansonia (vol. 8, 3, 1968) et permet de reconnaitre au Gabon la presence certaine de 15 genres et 28 especes. Cette pauvret@ par rapport ä la richesse des Cucurbitacees d’Afrique &quatoriale (28 genres, 64 especes) n’est sans doute qu’apparente et due au manque de prospection.
Peu representatives de la flore gabonaise, les Urticacees et Ulmac£es deja decrites et figurees dans la Flore du Cameroun par M. R. LrrouzE£y, ont egalement fait l’objet d’articles de synthese dans Adansonia (vol. 9, 1, 1969) ot l’auteur reconnait 2 genres et 4 especes d’Ulmacees, 6 genres et 12 especes d’Urticacees.
En conclusion. Depuis 1966, c’est-A-dire en 4 ans, la description de 176 genres er 551 especes est venue s’ajouter, aux 689 especes deja publiees dans
41
la Flore du Gabon. Au total, 1240 especes publiees en 9 ans, soit environ 15 °/o de la totalıte de la flore.
Peu de recoltes sont malheureusement venues enrichir les collections du Gabon. Une seule mission a Et€ effectu&e en 1968 par MM. VırLıErs-HALLE qui ont rapporte 1500 plantes de la region des Mts de Cristal.
Perspectives. Actuellement l’etude de plusieurs familles est achev£&e. Les Ebenacees (par MM. R. LETOUZEY-WHITE) sont A l’impression et feront l’objet d’un fascicule commun avec la flore du Cameroun. Sont remis A la redaction : les Linacees, Ixonanthacees, Malpighiacees, Nectaropetalacees, Lepidobo- tryac&es, Ctenolophonacacees, Humiriacees,. Erythroxylacees (par M. F. BADRE) ; Olacacees, Icacinacees (par M. J. F. VILLıErs). Sont sur le point d’etre terminees : les Loganiacees (par A. J. M. LEEUWENBERG), Santalacees (A. LAWALREE) ; sont a l’etude : Sapindacees (N. HaLı£ — R. FoviLLoy).
42
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 43—45 1°.12.1974
FLORE DU CAMEROUN A. LE THOMAS
D’initiative plus recente (1968), la Flore du Cameroun continue A pro- gresser parallelement ä celle du Gabon, les auteurs entreprenant le plus souvent simultan&ment l’Etude de la flore de ces deux territoires. 4 volumes ont paru depuis 1966, deux autres paraitront en 1970.
Les Thymeleacees Etudiees par M. G. Aymoniın (1966) sont representees au Cameroun par 6 genres et 24 especes r&parties dans deux des sous-familles habituellement reconnues : les Aquilarioideae et les Thymelaeoideae. Tous les genres, sauf le genre Gnidia, et toutes les especes existant au Cameroun sont localises A l’Afrique. Dans le m&me volume deux genres et 12 especes d’Onagracees sont reconnus au Cameroun par Mme A. Raynar (1966) : plantes hygrophiles largement repandues, dont la plasticite rend l’&tude taxo- nomique particulierement d&licate. Voisine des Onagrac£es, les Halorrhaga- cees (Mme A. RaynAL 1966) comptent seulement 2 genres et 2 especes au Cameroun : Myriophyllum spicatum L., bien que presque cosmopolite, in- connue en Afrique.occidentale et centrale avant sa decouverte au Cameroun, et Laurembergia tetrandra (SCHOTT ex SPRENG.) KANITZ appartenant au sous- genre monospe£cifique Serpiculatum, seul repr&sente en Afrique tropicale.
La famille des Cucurbitacees (Mme M. KERAUDREN-AyMONIN 1968) groupant 58 especes r&eparties en 26 genres, dont 10 typiquement africains, vient heureusement completer l’ınventaire des Cucurbitacees africaines. On note au Cameroun la presence de plantes particulierement interessantes, tels les genres Cyclantheropsis avec une espece : C. occidentalis GıLG et MILDBR. localisee seulement dans ce territoire, Gerrardanthus, Cayaponia dont presque tous les representants sont am£ricains, Luffa echinata RoxB. que l’on rencontre egalement dans toute la p£@ninsule indienne. L’abondance et la clart@ de l’illustration apportent un compl&ment tres precieux pour l’etude des representants de cette famille ou la majorite des plantes sont dioiques, affectees d’un polimorphisme foliaire tres important.
Les Ulmacees (M. R. LETOUZEY 1968) sont r&presentees par 4 genres et 11 especes que l’on rencontre en toutes regions, rarement cependant en regions montagneuses, ou seul Trema orientalis (L.) Br. semble atteindre les limites de la for&t de montagne. Holoptelea grandis (HurcH.) MıLDgr. et la presque totalit@ des Celtis caracterısent parfaitement les for&ts de type semi-decidu appelees par l’auteur « ä& Sterculiacees et Ulmacees ». Dans le m&me volume M. R. LETOUZEY groupe 12 genres et 33 especes d’Urticacees pour lesquelles,
43
dans la plupart des cas, il mentionne avec beaucoup de details les variations parfois considerables de presque tous les organes. Ce sont essentiellement des plantes de la zone de for&t dense humide, affectionnant sous forme de lianes dans le genre Urea tous sites boises, sous forme d’herbes tous sous-bois humides.
Completant l’etude des Cesalpinioidees du Gabon l’inventaire de cette famille revele au Cameroun la presence de 57 genres et 135 especes (M. A. AuBREVILLE 1970). Une comparaison Etablie dans une &tude chorologique precedente (Adansonia, vol. 8, 2, 1968) avec les flores des deux autres regions de la foret Guin&o-congolaise, A l’ouest avec les flores de la region occidentale, a l’est avec la region congolaise, montre que la for&t camerouno- gabonaise est tres nettement la plus riche en CE&salpinioidees. Elles est fonda- mentalement caracterisee par la preponderance des deux tribus des Cyno- metrees et des Amherstiees, et la grande densite specifique de quelques genres particulierement repr6sentatifs: Hymenostegia, Anthonotha, Gilbertioden- dron, Monopetalanthus, et Dialium.
Les Ombellales, actuellemertt sous presse et devant paraitre en 1970 groupent 3 familles : les Alangıiacees (1 genre, 1 espece), les Araliacees (3 genres, 6 especes), mediocrement representees en Afrique, les Apiacees (Om- belliflores) repr&sentees au Cameroun par 15 genres et 24 especes de plantes herbacees, annuelles ou vivaces, parfois ligneuses et arbustives (Stegano- taenıa), localisees sur les plateaux et les hautes montagnes.
Une Etude phytog&ographique et chorologique publiee anterieurement (Adansonia, vol. 10, 1, 1970) conduit l’auteur A rechercher parmi le peuple- ment camerounais l’origine des groupes genetiques fondamentaux, ou il re- connait un groupe @tranger comprenant un @lement austral (Hydrocotyle) et boreal (Sanicula, Torilis), un element pantropical recemment introduit d’Ame£rique et un groupe afrıcain dont l’Element pal&oafricain constitue le groupe le plus important avec les genres Peucedamum et Pimpinella.
Le volume 7 de la Flore, paru en 1968, est consacr€ par M. R. LETOUZEY a l’etude historique des prospections botaniques au Cameroun. Tres precieux pour tous les botanistes afrıcains, il fournit une liste alphabetique de tous les recolteurs au Cameroun, les regions prospect£es et le lieu de depöt du mate- riel ; cette liste est accompagn&e d’un index facilitant grandement la täche de tous ceux qui s’occupent de la flore africaine. La deuxieme partie de ce volume reunit les differentes conceptions phytogeographiques relatives au Cameroun et expose en conclusion celles de l’auteur en presentant un croquis synthetique.
Dans un tel rapport concernant les progres de la Flore du Cameroun, on ne peut omettre de signaler l’importante « Etude phytog&ographique du Ca- meroun » publiee par M. R. Lerouzey en 1968, tiree de la these de Doctorat d’Etat qu’il consacra a la vegetation du Cameroun. Apres avoir d&crit le milieu camerounais et sa vegetation dans la premiere partie de son ouvrage, M. R. LETOUZEY met a profit sa longue experience du pays pour en d£finir de fagon ıres detaillee les grandes divisions chorologiques : La Region congo-
44
guineenne, la Region soundano-zambezienne et les Formations veg£tales d’altitude. Tous les nombreux types de formations vegetales camerou- naises sont decrits en associant l’&tude physionomique et floristique A l’etude Ecologique, recherches qui on conduit R. LETOUZEY & la perception d’une conception mobiliste de la vegetation Camerounaise. Couronnant 20 annees d’observations et de recherches sur le terrain, c’est une oeuvre qui marque une &tape importante dans la connaissance phytog£ographique de l’Afrique.
En conclusion. Aux 120 genres et 418 especes decrits dans la Flore du Ca- meroun en 1966, sont venus s’ajouter, 127 genres et 306 especes. Au total, 247 genres et 724 especes ont £t& decrits en 7 ans, soit environ 8 °/o de la totalıte de la flore camerounaise.
On peut estimer & 13.000 le nombre de plantes recoltees depuis 1966, essentiellement dans la region forestiere. Plusieurs missions successives ont ete effectuees par MM. R. LETOUZEY du Museum de Paris (2500 Echantillons) ; F. J. BRETELER (3000), A. J. M. LEEUWENBERG (2000) et J. J. Bos (3000) de Wageningen ; W. J. J. ©. DE Wıroe (2000) de Leiden ; P. Bamps (500) de Bruxelles.
Perspectives. Deux volumes sont actuellement remis A la redaction et paraitront avec certitude en 1971 : les Ebenacees — Ericacees (par MM.R. LETOUZEY et F. WHITE), fascıcule commun avec la flore du Gabon, et les Vita- cees — Leeacees (par B. Descoinss). L’etude de plusieurs familles est achevee et les manuscrits sont en cours de redaction pour les Loganiacees (A. J. M. LEEUWENBERG) ; Annonac£es (A. LE THoMAs) ; Cype£rac£es (J. RAYNAL) ; Gen- tianacees et autres familles voisines (A. RaynaL) ; Icacinacees, Olacacees, Opiliacees, Octokn&macees, Pintadiplandracees (J. F. VILLIERS). De nombreu- ses familles sont A l’etude : Guttiferes, Hypericacees (P. Bamps) ; Dichapeta- lacees (F. J. BRETELER) ; Ochnacees (C. FARRON) ; Passiflorac&es (G. CussET) ; Podostemonacees (C. CussET) : Scrophulariacees (A. RAYNAL).
45
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 46—47 ae
PROGRES ACCOMPLIS DANS L’ETUDE DE LA FLORE DU CONGO, DU RWANDA ET DU BURUNDIDE 1966 A 1970
J. LEONARD
Le personnel scientifique de la «Flore du Congo », qui dependait de l’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, a Et& transfere, a la date du 1 mai 1968, au Jardin botanique national de Belgique.
Dans un but de facilite, ıl a ete decide de publier les familles de la Flore du Congo sous forme de fascıcules separes, sans ordre, au fur et A mesure de leur &tat d’achevement.
Depuis le precedent Congres de ’A.E.T.F.A.T. (1966), les familles sui- vantes ont &t& publiees : Ochnaceae (P. Bamps et C. FARRON ; 45 especes), Dilleniaceae (R. BouriQue ; 5 especes), Theaceae (R. BOUTIQUE ; 2 especes), Salicaceae (J. LEONARD et D. GEERINCK ; 1 espece), Cochlospermaceae (W.Ro- BYNS ; 3 especes), Elatinaceae (R. BOUTIQUE ; 1 espece), Canellaceae (R. Bou- TIQUE ; 1 espece), Onagraceae (A. TAToN ; 15 especes), Turneraceae (W. Ro- BYNS ; 8 especes), Cactaceae (W. RoByns ; 1 espece), Lythraceae (R. Bou- TIQUE ; 28 especes), Combretaceae (L. LiBENn ; 95 especes), Haloragaceae (R. BouTique ; 2 especes), Flacourtiaceae le partie (P. Bamps ; 42 especes), Myrtaceae (R. BoUTIQuE ; 28 especes), Violaceae (A. TAToN ; 45 especes), Begoniaceae (R. WILCZEK ; 41 especes), Saxifragaceae (L. LiBEn ; 1 espece), Burmanniaceae (D. GEERINCK ; 3 especes), Humiriaceae (L. LiBEN ; 1 espece). Cet ensemble repr&sente un total de 368 especes.
Ont paru €galement, mais parmi des Pteridophytes, les 4 familles suivan- tes redig&es par A. LAwALREE : Parkeriaceae (1 espece), Actiniopteridaceae (4 especes), Psilotaceae (1 espece) et Equisetaceae (1 espece).
Un Index des lieux de recolte cites dans les volumes I a X de la Flore a ete publi€ par P. Bamrs avec coordonnees geographiques se rapportant A plus de 3600 noms.
D’autre part, des fin 1969, le Jardin botanique national de Belgique a entrepris la publication de cartes de distribution de plantes africaines sous le nom de Distributiones plantarum africanarum. Le pre- mier fascicule est consacr& aux Guttiferae.
Enfin, la carte de la v&getation du Bas-Congo, dessinee par P. CoMPERE, a paru en 1970 dans les Publications de /’I.N.E.A.C.
1 J. LEONARD, Acta phytogeogr. suecica 54 : 289—290 (1968).
46
Sont actuellement A l’&tude les familles suivantes (sept. 1970) : Aralia- ceae, Bixaceae, Boraginaceae, Cabombaceae (sous presse), Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae (2m® partie), Gentianaceae, Gesneriaceae, Guttiferae (sous presse), Iridaceae, Lecythidaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Myrothamnaceae, Myr- sinaceae, Thymelaeaceae et Umbellifera ainsi ques les Blechnaceae Lyco- podiaceae, Marsileaceae et Schizaeaceae (sous presse) parmi les Pteridophy- tes.
A ce jour (septembre 70), 3539 especes ont deja Ete decrites dans la Flore du Congo, soit un peu plus du tiers de l’enti£rete de la flore congolaise.
Commencee en 1942, il ya 28 ans, et meme au cas — peu probable — oü le rythme de parution des volumes se maintiendrait, la Flore du Con- go, du Rwanda et du Burundi ne serait pas terminee avant un demisiecle!
N’est-ce pas lä le meilleur argument en faveur de Flores beaucoup plus pratiques, avec de nouvelles Editions periodiques, telles la Flora of West Tro- pical Africa ?
Au cours des anndes 1966 A 1970, plusieurs milliers d’Echantillons d’her- bier ont encore &te recoltes au Congo (principalement par SYMOENS, MA- LAISSE et Lisowskı dans le Haut-Katanga, BREYNE et Muamsı dans le Bas- Congo), au Rwanda (par Bouxın et RApoux) ainsi qu’au Burundi (par LE- WALLE et THONON).
Diverses missions ont &t€ accomplies en Afrique depuis 1966 par des botanistes belges, principalement par Bamrs en 1967—1968 dans le Sud du Cameroun (450 &chantillons), par L£Eonarn en 1968 dans la region du Lac Tchad au Tchad, Cameroun, Nigeria et Niger (400 Echantillons), par LEONARD en 1968—1969 dans le desert de Libye en Libye, Egypte et au Sudan (500 echantillons), par Bamrs en 1969 en Cöte d’Ivoire (500 Echantillons) et en 1970 en Cöte d’Ivoire et au Malı (325 Echantillons) ainsı que par BREYNE en Republique centrafricaine.
47
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 48—50 121221974
FLOREDURWANDA G. TROUPIN
Compte tenu des travaux actuellement entrepris dans le cadre de la « Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi », on pourrait s’etonner qu’il existe un projet distinct, interessant uniquement le Rwanda et risquant de faire double emploi avec les travaux actuellement entrepris en Afrique cen- trale et orientale.
En re£alite, ıl n’en est rien et l’occasion m’est presentement donn&e d’ex- poser un point de vue, exprim& par des africains eux-m&mes, point de vue assurement pragmatique qui ne rencontre pas celui des taxonomistes r&alisant des flores conventionnelles et rigoureuses.
Le Gouvernement de la Republique Rwandaise a fait les constatations suivantes :
1. Les textes publies jusqu’ä ce jour de la Flore des Spermatophytes du Con- g0, du Rwanda et du Burundi traitent d’une centaine de familles, soit en- viron 60 °/o des familles signal&es au Rwanda. Etant donne qu’il a fallu 25 ans pour arrıver A ce r&sultat, on peut estimer, d’une facon raisonnable- ment optimiste qu’au moins 25 annees supplementaires seront necessaires pour achever la Flore des Spermatophytes interessant les familles apparte- nant aux Dicotyl&dones-Gamopetales et aux Monocotyledones.
2. Le Gouvernement rwandais estime qu’un ouvrage de flore — ou ce qui en tient lieu — doit &tre congu de maniere A avoir une large diffusion. Il doit de plus &tre un travail de base et de reference, destine A apporter une con- tribution au developpement lie aux problemes didactiques et &conomiques. Le prix d’achat des volumes et fascicules publies de la Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi, constitue deja & lui seul un obstacle A leur diffusion en dehors des instituts spe&cialises.
3.En dehors des flores scientifiques r&alisees par les taxonomistes belges, il n’existe aucun ouvrage de floristique, en langue frangaise, interessant le Rwanda. L’utilisation des flores actuelles est rendue malaisee, au Rwanda m&me, suite A l’absence d’un glossaire de termes techniques. Ce n’est que depuis un an que nous disposons d’un travail en langue frangaise interes- sant l’Afrique Centrale (LETouzEY, R., Manuel de Botanique — Afrique tropicale).
Par voıe d’ambassade, le Gouvernement rwandais a officiellement de- mande en 1968 au Gouvernement belge de remedier ä cette situation, de lui fournir des ouvrages didactiques de botanique rwandaise et de realiser une
48
flore congue de telle maniere que sa publication integrale se fasse, au plus
tard, en 1976.
Le premier point est realise. Sous forme de «Syllabus » un premier travail, actuellement sous presse, paraitra en avrıl—mai 1971. Ce syllabus comprendra un chapitre d’organographie, avec plus de 350 dessins, un glos- saire, une cl& syst@matique des familles, les descriptions des 165 familles signalees au Rwanda. Dans chaque famille, sont donndes les descriptions d’un ou de plusieurs genres representatifs suivant l’importance du groupe, la caracterisation succincte de quelques especes et la mention des noms ver- naculaires lorsqu’ils sont connus. En principe, chaque famille est illustree par au moins un dessin. Ce syllabus permettra la determination d’environ 500 especes particulierement abondantes ou caract£ristiques de la vegetation rwandaise.
Quant ä la « Flore» demandee par les autorites du pays, il est bien entendu exclu que cette derniere puisse tre congue A la maniere d’une flore conventionelle, c’est-A-dire un ouvrage analysant d’une fagon critique, tous les taxa signales dans le pays, m&me s’ils n’ont ete signal&s qu’une seule fois.
Il a et@ convenu qu’une flore de base serait r&alisee dont les caract£- ristiques essentielles sont les suivantes :
— un premier volume constituera un genera, les genres @tant classes par famille, avec descriptions et cl&s de determination permettant la distinc- tion de ces derniers. Actuellement, ce volume est achev& aux trois quarts.
— en ce qui concerne les taxa infrasp£cifiques, Ja moit€ du nombre total des especes sera retenue. Les criteres de choix sont la signification phyto- geographique, Ecologique ou Economique. Les taxa rares ou A position systematique mal definie, seront &cartes. Par contre, les especes intro- duites dans les cultures et les plantations seront traitees. Les cles de de- termination seront essentiellement pratiques a utiliser principalement sur le terrain m&me. Toutefois les taxa seront ulterieurement analyses dans le texte, en les classant par familles et par genres.
Etant donn& que la vegetation du Rwanda appartient chorologiquement a deux grandes regions, un volume ou fascicule traitera des taxa de hautes montagnes y compris les volcans, un autre rassemblera les taxa des hauts plateaux entre 1800 et 1300 m d’altitude.
Pour la realisation pratique de cet ensemble de travaux, deux jeunes botanistes effectuent au Rwanda des travaux de recolte et de phytog£ogra- phie, en portant une attention tout particuliere sur la r&partition des taxa, sur la prospection de regions encore mal connues, et sur la recolte de sp&cimens ä conservation malaisee comme la plupart des plantes aquatiques, les Orchi- dees etc....
A ce jour, environ 2500 numeros d’herbiers ont te recoltes en 1969 et en 1970 dans les regions situ&es en-dessous de 1800 m d’altitude. En 1971 et 1972, l’etude sur le terrain portera sur les zones situ&es au-dessus de 1800 m et
49
tout particulierement la region des volcans oü des expeditions seront organi- Sees.
Il est Evident que la r£alisation d’une pareille flore fera apparaitre, des maintenant, la necessite d’effectuer de plus amples r&coltes, interessant certaines familles ou certains groupes de grenres, facilitant de la sorte la pre- paration de la Flore globale du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Jn espere egalement que la publication prochaine de ces travaux incitera les rwandais a s’interesser activement A la flore de leur pays, les amenant petit A petit ä participer a l’elaboration des grands projets de flores afrıcaines actuellement en voie de r£alisation.
L’avantage essentiel de ce programme, & objectif limit, est l’obtention, a court terme, d’un ouvrage autorisant la determination d’au moins 50 ®/o de la flore des Spermatophytes du Rwanda, les especes traitees intervenant pour pres de 90 °/o dans la composition quantitative des groupements vege- taux. A une &poque ou l’International Biological Program insiste sur la n&ces- site de caracteriser dans les plus brefs delais les ressources naturelles des pays en voie de developpement (biomasse, productivite), la realisation rapide de pareil projet pr&sente un interet manifeste.
Ce programme de flore est r&alıse par l’Institut National de Recher- che Scientifique (I.N.R.S.) Butare (Rwanda). L’Etude botanique ne s’arr&tera pas aux Spermatophytes, la r&alısation d’une « Flore de base », interessant les embranchements inferieurs est envisag£e.
50
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 12.1974
UNEFTOREDES HAUTSPLATEAUX DU KATANGA
S. LISOWSKI, F. MALAISSE ET J. J. SYMOENS
Plusieurs hauts plateaux se distinguent de l’ensemble du Haut-Katanga par leur altitude superieure a 1500 m et pouvant atteindre 2400 m aux Ma- rungu, par leur sol generalement pauvre, form& sur les sables du Kalaharı ou parfois derive de roches granitiques ou rhyolitiques, et par leur vegetation largement constituee de « steppes » herbeuses.
Les plus importants de ces plateaux sont les Marungu, au $S. W. du lac Tanganyıka et quatre plateaux disposes en un vaste fer ä cheval : les Kunde- lungu, les Kibara, les Biano, la Manika :
Marungu 7°05’—8°06’ S, 29°02’—30°12’ E. Situation administrative : District du Tanganika, Territoire de Baudouin- ville Aire approximative : 6246 km? Altiıtude maximum 2460 m (mont Lusale, 7°30’ S., 29°59’ E.) Localites principales : Pepa, Luonde (= Luhonde), Mulongoshi, Kasiki, Kipiri, Kibobwa, Kitendwe, Kandefwe
Kundelungu 8°58’—10°43’ S., 27°23’—28°10’ E. Situation administrative : District du Haut-Katanga, Territoires de Mit- waba, Kasenga, Pweto Aire approximative : 9844 km? Altiıtude maximum 1770 m (mont Kibwe wa Sanga, 9°14°30” S., 27°49’ 07°” E.) Localites principales : Msipashi, Katshupa, Lualala, Luishi, «La Dalle », Luando
Kibara 8°23’—9°17’ S., 26°47’—27°44’ E. Aire approximative : 3564 km? Altitude maximum 1890 m Localites principales : Mitwaba, Lusinga
Bıano 9°15’—10°37° S., 25°27’—26°40’ E. Situation administrative : District du Lualaba, Territoire de Lubudi Aire approximative : 4300 km?
51
Altitude maximum 1700 m (mont Kisibwa Salabwe) Localites principales : Dilungu Yulu, Kansenia-Gare, Biano-Hötel, Biano- Gare, Biano II, Katentania, Shisinkwa
Manika 10°46’—10°56° S., 25°14’—25°29’ E. Situation administrative : District du Lualaba, Territoire de Kolwezi Aire approximative : 154 km? Altitude maximum 1520 m Localites principales : Katema, Kapaso
Selon la carte des zones climatiques dressee par BuLror (1954—55), le climat de ces hauts plateaux est, dans le systeme de Körren, du type Cw (Marungu, Kundelungu, Biano, Manika) ou (Aw,), (Kibara). La tempera- ture moyenne est moderee : 20,5° A Mitwaba, 19,1° a Katentania. Les Ecarts thermiques semblent un peu plus faibles qu’en diverses stations d’ altitude plus basse de l’extröme sud du Katanga : amplitude moyenne de la varıation annuelle 18,5° A Mitwaba, 20,9° A Katentania, A comparer a 21,9° a Lubum- bashi, 22,9° A Kipushia (VAnpenpLas 1947). Le minimum absolu est de 5,0° a Mitwaba, 1,0° A Katentania, alors qu’il est de 0° A Lubumbashi et descend & —1,5° A Kipushia (d’apres VAanDEnpLAs 1947 et BuLror 1954—55). La pluviosite annuelle est de l’ordre de 1100—1200 mm, la saison seche est longue : de 5 A 6 mois (dur&e moyenne de l’ordre de 170 jours aux Marungu, 165—180 aux Kundelungu, 150—155 aux Kibara, 160—170 aux Bıano, 173 ala Manika).
La vegetation de ces hauts plateaux est largement, mais non exclusive- ment, formee de vastes « steppes » herbeuses, A dominance de Poac£es cespi- teuses, accompagnees de suffrutex et geofrutex (Acanthacees, Myrtace£es, Rosacees, et surtout Fabacees) et de plantes A bulbes diverses. La secheresse, ainsi que le passage quasi annuel du feu, imprime & ces formations une pheno- logie marquee. On distingue differents facies physionomiques et floristiques decrits par Duvigneaup (1958) : une forme humide A Loudetia simplex en saison des pluies, Eragrostis capensis en saison seche, avec un seul suffrutex : Syzygium guineense subsp. huillense; une forme fraiche A Loudetia simplex et Monocymbium ceresiiforme en saison des pluies, Elyonurus argenteus et Schizachyrium thollonii en saison seche, riche en suffrutex du genre Humula- ria et en plantes diverses ä fleurs voyantes. Une forme seche arbustive dominde par un arbuste au port tourmente, aux feuilles larges et laineuses, Uapaca robynsii, occupe une situation intermediaire au contact de la foret claire ; U. robynsii y est presque toujours accompagn€ par Philippia ben- guelensis, souvent aussi Syzygium brazavillense, Protea welwitschii, et des Loranthacees : Agelanthus djurensis, Phragmanthera cornetiü, P. proteicola (SCHMITZ 1963).
Sur les sommets des Marungu, la « steppe » comporte une strate serree de Poacees olı dominent en saison pluvieuse, Themeda triandra, Exotheca abyssinica, Monocymbium ceresiiforme, etc., accompagnees de divers suffru-
52
tex ; en saison seche Tristachya helenae, Hyparrhenia pilgeriana, Panicum pectinatum, etc. Les Helichrysum sont particulierement nombreux.
Vers les bords des plateaux s’observent des for£ts claires a essences re- lativement peu nombreuses : Brachystegia floribunda, B. longifolia, B. utilis, Julbernardia paniculata, Marquesia macroura, Monotes africanus et M. ka- tangensis, Faurea speciosa, Parinari.mobola, Uapaca divers. Ce type de for&t manque sur les plateaux &leves des Marungu : ıcı les pentes sont occu- pees par une formation riche en suffrutex (Gnidia glauca, Protea gagnedii, Osyris wightiana, etc.), que DuvIGNEAuD (1958) compare au maquis medi- terraneen, tandis que sur les accumulations de terre noire se sont installes des bois peu penetrables A Acacia abyssinica subsp. calophylla.
Les cuvettes, les mares permanentes de source hebergent des hydrophy- tes divers: Nymphaea maculata, Limnanthemum senegalense, Blyxa radi- cans, Wisneria schweinfurthii, Eriocaulon bifistulosum, Ottelia ulvifolia, Scirpus confervoides, Sacciolepis typhura, etc. C’est dans ce milieu que nous avons recemment retrouve aussi Ja curieuse Cabombacee Brasenia schreberi (Lısowsk1, MALAISSE et SYMOENS 1970 a). Autour de ces d&pressions, une aur&ole marecageuse est le domaine des Cyp£rac&es et des Sphaignes, par- fois des fourres A Kotschya. Souvent, une aureole de fort mar&cageuse main- tient une demi-obscurite et une humidite elevee ; parmi les arbres dominants, mentionnons Syzygium owariense, Bersama ugandensis, Mitragyna stipulosa, Gardenia imperialis, Uapaca sp. On y trouve des Fougeres, des epiphytes or- nent les troncs.
Dans les ravins se developpe une for&t dense dont l’arbre le plus impres- sionnant est habituellement Parinari excelsa subsp. holstii var. whytei, ac- compagne& de Podocarpus milanjianus et Anthocleista schweinfurthi. Aux Marungu, le ravin de la Kafwampa heberge un fragment de foret ä Juniperus procera (Rosyns 1946). Le long des cours d’eau s’etire une frange forestiere etroite A Aganria salicifolia ou A Syzygium cordatum. On y trouve regulie- rement l’Osmonde, souvent aussi la Fougere arborescente Cyathea dregei.
Notre connaissance de la flore des hauts plateaux resulte principale- ment des recoltes faites sur les Marungu par BOovonE, RoBYNS, VAN DEN BRANDE, DuBoIs, QUARRE, SYMOENS, SCHMITZ, DUVIGNEAUD, sur les Kunde- lungu par VERDICK, KAssNER, DUVIGNEAUD, SCHMITZ, LUKUESA, GATHY, SY- MOENS, MALAISSE, CoGET, sur les Kibara par MORTELMANS, DE WITTE, SY- MOENS, DESENFANS, DUVIGNEAUD, LUKUESA, sur les Biano par HoMBLE, QQuAR- RE, SCHMITZ, DUYIGNEAUD, SYMOENS, sur Ja Manıka par SCHMITZ. Depuis janvier 1969, LısowsK1, MALAISSE et SYMOENS ont constitu& en toutes saisons sur les cing plateaux consideres une collection comportant deja environ 10 000 n°s. Nous donnons par ailleurs une description plus detaillee de l’his- toires des recherches floristiques entreprises dans ces regions (Lısowskı, MA- LAISSE et SYMOENS 1971).
La flore des hauts plateaux du Katanga est riche : des A present, nous y avons denombr& quelque 1450 especes de plantes vasculaires et l’inventaire se poursulit.
53
On y note quelques especes A large distribution : cosmopolites (Galin- soga parviflora, Gnaphalium luteo-album, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Orobanche minor), pantropicales (Ageratum conyzoides, Polygonum salicifolium, Com- melina diffusa, Cyperus distans), pal&otropicales (Canavalia gladiata, Bio- phytum sensitivum, Cyperus dichroostachyus, Themeda triandra).
Parmi les especes afrıcaines, l’el&ment-base est l’element soudano-zam- bezien (Sz). Notons au pre&alable, des especes plurir&gionales : Sz-G-Aa-Malg (Ilex mitis, Hypoxis angustifolia, Cyperus mundtii, Londetia simplex) ; Sz- G-Aa (Helichrysum odoratissimum, Eriosema parviflorum, Albizia adianthı- folia, Piper capense) ; Sz-G-Malg (Aganria salicifolia, Geranium simense, Rumex abyssinicus, Hyparrhenia cymbaria) ; Sz-Aa-Malg (Ludwigia abys- sinica, Eragrostis chapelier:).
Parmi les especes de liaison, dont l’aire couvre deux regions, les plus nombreuses, et de loın, sont Sz-G (Sapium ellipticum, Clausena anisata, Eulo- phia cucullata, Hyparrhenia lecomtei). Mentionnons aussi quelques exemples d’especes plus australes, Sz-Aa (Lannea edulis, Helichrysum nudifolium, Maytenus acuminatus, Helinus mystacinus). Les autres especes de liaison sont moins nombreuses : Sz-Decc (Cleome monophylla, Flacourtia indica), Sz- Malg (Sonchus rarifolius).
Dans l’element-base soudano-zambe&zien, les especes omnisoudano-zam- beziennes sont nombreuses et souvent largement distribuees (Guizotia scabra, Erythrina tomentosa, Psorospermum febrifugum, Faurea speciosa). Men- tionnons aussi quelques soudano-zambeziennes communes aux domaines E- O-Z (Cussonia arborea, Stellaria sennii, Cyperus elegantulus) ou S-O-Z (Eupatorium africanum, Acalypha senensis, Bulbostylis filamentosa, Cype- rus submacropus). Les especes communes aux domaines afro-oriental et zam- bezien Sz (O-Z) sont nombreuses et souvent largement r&pandues sur les di- vers plateaux (Philippia benguelensis, Kotschya aeschynomenoides, Borreria dibrachiata, Ficalhoa laurifolia). Les especes Sz (S-O) (Lactuca taraxifolia) sont rares.
Les especes Sz (E-O) Juniperus procera, Uebellinia abyssinica, Gera- nium ocellatum var. africanum, Galium hamatum) et surtout le sous-element afro-oriental proprement dit Sz (O) sont abondamment representes aux Ma- rungu, plus rares sur les autres plateaux (Lepidagathis andersoniana, Fumaria australis, Turraea holstii, Anagallis angustiloba). Diverses especes, jusqu’ici consider&ees comme caracteristiques du secteur des lacs Edouard et Kivu $z (Oe), ont &galement &t& retrouvees aux Marungu (Senecio chiovendeanus, Uebellinia kivuensis, Pittosporum spathocalyx, Hebenstreitia dentata).
L’element zambezien Sz (Z) comporte de nombreuses especes (Landol- phia eminiana, Pterocarpus angolensis, Ochna katangensis, Anisophyllea boehmii), vraisemblablement presentes en pourcentage croissant de la flore, des Kundelungu et des Kibara, vers les Biano et la Manıka. Maraısse (1969) a defini un sous-element « dilunguien » caracteristigque des hauts plateaux (Drosera katangensis, Tephrosia manikensis, Craterostigma kundalungense, Dolichos bianoensis). Mentionnons l’existence d’un micro-endemisme dü a la
54
differenciation recente, sur chacun des plateaux consideres, d’especes ou de taxa infraspecifiques particuliers (v. p. ex. Dewır 1951 pour les Tephrosia a grandes fleurs jaunes, DUVIGNEAUD ET PLANCKE 1959 pour les Haumaniastrum « arborescents »).
Signalons enfin parmi les especes « trangeres « quelques irradiations de la region guin&o-congolaise, presentes surtout dans les for&ts denses (sourees et galeries) (Brillantaisia patula, Thonningia sanguinea, Jaundea pin- nata, Diaphananthe fragrantissima).
L’importance de l’eElement afro-oriental aux Marungu confere A cette region une position phytogeographique particuliere, distincte de celle des Kundelungu, Kibara, Biano et Manika : les Marungu constituent un District du Domaine afro-oriental (v. SymoEns 1955 ; Lısowskı, MALAISSE et SY- MOENS 1970 b).
Les autres plateaux s’integrent dans le Domaine zambe£zien : ils y for- ment un District des Hauts plateaux katangais, dans lequel on peut recon- naitre trois Sous-districts : a) le plateau des Kundelungu, b) le plateau des Kibara, c) les plateaux des Biano et de la Manika.
L’inter&t botanique des hauts plateaux katangais nous a convaincus de P’utilit€ que presenterait un manuel de la flore des hauts plateaux du Katan- ga.
Ce travail collectif, principalement base sur nos collections de ces re&- gions, est en cours au Laboratoire de Biologie generale et de Botanique et au Laboratoire de Sylviculture et de Pisciculture de l’Universite Officielle du Congo. Il bendficie de l’appui de l’Office National de la Recherche et du De- veloppement (O.N.R.D.).
Dans sa preparation, nous sommes grandement secondes par Mme Y. LEMAIRE-ELIAS, tandis que Mme. E. Brans a contribue avec beaucoup de de- vouement au depouillement des materiaux d&poses dans les riches collections du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, a Bruxelles.
La flore que nous nous proposons de publier comportera des cles en vue de la determination successive des familles, des genres et des especes. Pour chaque espece sera mentionnee la synonymie pour la region consideree ; un specimen d’herbier de reference est cit@ pour chaque plateau oü l’espece a ete reconnue ; la distribution geographique et la forme biologique sont men- tionnees.
Nous esperons que la flore des hauts plateaux du Katanga rendra ser- vice aux agrostologistes et aux zootechniciens oeuvrant dans ces regions ou se situent d’importants &levages, parmi les plus beaux de la Republique De- mocratique du Congo.
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
BuLTOT, F. Carte des zones climatiques du Congo belge et du Ruanda-Urun- di, in : Atlas general du Congo. Bruxelles. 1 carte + 1 notice (1954— 1955).
35
Dewıt, J. Les Tephrosia a grandes fleurs jaunes des steppes zamb£ziennes. Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. Belg. 84 : 73—81 (1951).
DuviGnEAUD, P. La vegetation du Katanga et de ses sols metalliferes. Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. Belg. 90 : 127—286 (1958).
— — et PLanckE, J. Les Acrocephalus arborescents des plateaux katangais. Biol. Jaarb. « Dodonaea » 27 : 214—257 (1959).
Lısowsk1, S., MALAISSE, F., et SYMOENS, J. J. Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gme«. (Cabombaceae) sur les hauts plateaux du Katanga (Congo-Kinshasa). Bull. Jard. bot. nat. Belg. 40 : 23—28 (1970 a).
— — ,MaLaıssE, F., et SYMOENS, J. J. Plantes rares ou nouvelles pour la flore du Katanga. Bol. Soc. Broter. 44 (2. ser.) : 225>—244 (1970 b).
— — ,Maraısse, F., et SyMoEns, J. J. Index des r&colteurs botanistes des hauts plateaux du Katanga in C.R. 7° R£union pleniere A.E.T.F.A.T. (1971).
Maraısse, F. Note a propos de la flore du plateau des Kundelungu (Haut- Katanga, Rep. dem. Congo). Trav. Serv. Sylv. Pisc. Univ. off. Congo, 2, 10 pp. (1969).
Rogyns, W. Sur l’existence du Juniperus procera HocHsT. au Congo belge. Bull. Jard. bot. Etat Brux., 18 : 125—131 (1946).
SCHMITZ, A. Apergu sur les groupements vegetaux du Katanga. Bull. Soc. roy. Bot. Belg., 96 : 233—447 (1963).
SYMOENS, J. J. Les monts Marungu se distinguent nettement par leur flore d’affinite afro-orientale, des autres plateaux katangais. These-annexe, Univ. Libre Brux. (1955).
VANDENPLAS, A. La temperature au Congo belge. Min. Colonies. Bruxelles. 194 pp. (1947).
56
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 57 1. 12. 1971
INDIGENOUS TREES OF UGANDA ED. III A. M. STUART SMITH
The preparation of the 3rd edition of the “Indigenous Trees of Uganda” is being sponsored by the Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Uganda. The writer of this report has been given responsibility for the preparation but is not able to carry out any taxonomic research and for the revision is relying on work already published (particularly F.T.E.A.), and the advice of as many taxonomists as he can contact who have some knowledge of the tree flora uf Uganda.
In the new edition the form and scope of the book will not be drastical- ly altered. Much of the detailed description of timber properties will be omitted as this information is now available in the book “Uganda Timbers” by €. H. Tack published by the Government Printer, Entebbe, Uganda in 1969. Descriptions of ‘naturalised’ exotics will be included and other impor- tant exotics will be added to the family keys. It is hoped to add to and improve the illustrations, particularly the figures.
Much of the basic information required for the revision has now been collected but the detailed redrafting has been delayed and the completed draft will not be ready for the printer by the end of 1970 as was once hoped. A more realistic target date now is the end of 1971 or mid 1972.
The writer is most grateful to the following for their advice and assistance. Drs. B. T. Styres, A. W. Exeı and A. J. M. LEEUWENBERG, who have supplied drafts for the Meliaceae, Combretaceae and Loganiaceae respectively. J. B. GiLLET of the E. A. Herbarium, the Director and staff of the Herbarıum, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, R. Ross, Dr. N. K. B. Rogson, B. PETERsoN, L. LiBEn, E. PETIT, A. TAToN, Dr. P.vAN DER VEKEN, J. G. WIL- SON, J. LEONARD, A. HAMILTON, C. FERREIRA, W. J. EGGELING, H. C. Daw- KIns, H. A. Osmaston, M. S. PHıLıp and members of the staff of the Uganda Forest Department.
The only collections since 1966 that have added to the knowledge of the tree flora of Uganda are those in the little known forests (Kasyoha—Ki- tomi, Maramagambo, and Impenetrable) of S. W. Uganda which have been made by T. J. SynnorT and J. B. BaLı of the Forest Department, A. HaMmıL- TON of Makerere University and J. M. Lock of the Nuffield Unit of Tropical Animal Ecology in the Queen Elizabeth National Park.
57
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 1.12. 1971
BERICHT ÜBER DEN GEGENWÄRTIGEN STAND UND DIE AUSSICHT AUF BALDIGEN ABSCHLUSS DER „ENUMERATIO PLANTARUM AETHIOPIAE“ (EPA) NEBST EINER STATISTIK DER BISHER VERÖFFENTLICHTEN TEILE
GEORG CUFODONTIS
33 Jahre nach Beginn der Vorarbeiten und 17 Jahre seit Beginn der Ver- öffentlichung scheint nun die Vollendung der EPA in greifbare Nähe zu rük- ken. Von den 22 Monocotylen-Familien, die noch der Bearbeitung harren, sind nur die Liliaceae und Orchidaceae verhältnismäßig groß, die Commeli- naceae mittelgroß, alle übrigen Familien mit je höchstens 10 Gattungen kön- nen als klein bezeichnet werden.
Da bei einem solchen zusammenfassenden Nachschlagwerk auf ein aus- führliches Namensverzeichnis größter Wert gelegt werden muß, wird der In- dex nicht nur umfangreich werden (mindestens 50 Seiten), sondern auch sei- ne Vorbereitung dementsprechend zeitraubend sein. In dieser Erwartung ha- be ich aber schon jetzt alle Familien- und Gattungsnamen (samt Synonymen und Pseudosynomymen) bis zum Schluß der Cyperaceae zunächst grob nach den Anfangsbuchstaben sortiert und alphabetisch geordnet.
Durch einen bemerkenswerten und, ich darf wohl sagen, glücklichen Zu- fall haben das erste Heft der EPA und der erste AETFAT-Index das gleiche Geburtsjahr (1953). Ohne diese, der unermüdlichen, selbstlosen Arbeit des Herrn Prof. J. LEONARD zu verdankenden Indices wäre nicht nur die Vorbe- reitung der EPA um vieles schwieriger gewesen, sondern auch der geradezu explosive Fortschritt der Regionalfloren, die in ihrer Gesamtheit fast den ganzen afrikanischen Kontinent (nebst Madagaskar) erfassen, wäre ausge- blieben oder mindestens unvergleichlich langsamer verlaufen.
Die Herausgabe der EPA, für die seinerzeit weder in Österreich noch in Deutschland noch in Italien irgendeine Aussicht bestand, ist zunächst dem großzügigen Entgegenkommen des Herrn Prof. Dr. Walter Rogyns, damals Direktor des Jardin Botanique in Brüssel, zu verdanken, dann der freundli- chen Bereitwilligkeit des jetzigen Direktors Dr. F. DEMARET, die Veröffentli- chung ohne Unterbrechung fortzusetzen. Diesen beiden Herren gilt daher ın erster Linie mein tiefempfundener Dank. Aber auch Herrn R. L. TournAY, Chef de Service de documentation, der manchmal sogar eine Vorkorrektur der Fahnen durchführte und mir gelegentlich wertvolle sachliche Ratschläge gab, bin ich tief verpflichtet.
58
Zum Abschluß darf ich der frohen Hoffnung Ausdruck geben, daß die EPA, die im Manuskript Ende Februar 1971 abgeschlossen sein wird, falls nicht unvorhersehbare Ereignisse eintreten, spätestens Mitte 1972 als vollen- detes Werk der botanischen Fachwelt zur Verfügung steht.
gen. | spec. gen. | spec. GYMNOSPERMAE Cruciferae 29 71 Taxaceae 1 1 Resedaceae 5 16 Pinaceae 1 1 Moeringaceae 2 8 Gnetaceae 1 1 Podostemonaceae 2 3 ANGIOSPERMAE Crassulaceae 8 38 Dicotyledones Saxifragaceae 2 5 Casuarinaceae 1 2 Pittosporaceae 1 3 Piperaceae 2 5 Hamamelidaceae 1 1 Salicaceae 2 2 Rosaceae 12 38 Myricaceae 1 1 Mimosaceae 12 100 Fagaceae 1 1 Caesalpiniaceae 14 57 Ulmaceae 3 4 Papilionaceae 82 | 492 Moraceae 5 42 Geraniaceae 4 27 Urticaceae 12 22 Oxalidaceae 2 5 Proteaceae 2 2 Tropaeolaceae 1 1 Santalaceae 3 8 Linaceae 2 6 Opiliaceae 3 3 Zygophyllaceae 5 32 Olacaceae 1 1 Agialidaceae 1 9 Loranthaceae 4 40 Rutaceae 8 22 Aristolochiaceae 1 4 Simaroubaceae 3 3 Hydnoraceae 1 5 Burseraceae 3 100 Polygonaceae 5 28 Meliaceae 7 17 Chenopodiaceae 12 44 Malpighiaceae - 12 Amaranthaceae 23 78 Polygalaceae 2 25 Nyctaginaceae 5 16 Dichapetalaceae 1 1 Phytolaccaceae 1 3 Euphorbiaceae 27.1.,:223 Aizoaceae 9 21 Callitrichaceae 1 1 Portulacaceae 4 17 Buxaceae 1 1 Basellaceae 1 1 Anacardiaceae 10 36 Caryophyllaceae 23 39 Aquifoliaceae 1 1 Nymphaeaceae 1 4 Celastraceae 4 16 Ceratophyllaceae 1 1 Hippocrateaceae 3 7 Ranunculaceae 7 20 Salvadoraceae 3 3 Berberidaceae 1 1 Icacinaceae 3 5 Menispermaceae 5 8 Sapindaceae 13 18 Magnoliaceae 1 1 Melianthaceae 1 1 Annonaceae 3 7 Balsaminaceae 1 ri Myristicaceae 1 1 Rhamnaceae 8 15 Lauraceae 2 2 Vitaceae 5 50 Hernandiaceae 1 2 Tiliaceae 5 55 Papaveraceae 3 4 Malvaceae 15 151 Capparidaceae 131.108 Bombacaceae 3 3
Sterculiaceae Ochnaceae Guttiferae (s. 1.) Elatinaceae Tamaricaceae Cistaceae Bixaceae Violaceae Flacourtiaceae Turneraceae Passifloraceae Caricaceae Loasaceae Begoniaceae Cactaceae Oliniaceae Thymelaeaceae Lythraceae Sonneratiaceae Punicaceae Barringtoniaceae Rhizophoraceae Combretaceae Myrtaceae Melastomaceae ÖOnagraceae Harorrhagaceae Cynomoriaceae Araliaceae Umbelliferae Ericaceae Myrsinaceae Primulaceae Plumbaginaceae Sapotaceae Ebenaceae Oleaceae Loganiaceae (s. 1.) Gentianaceae
60
gen.
Se NyVpENFFF FOND DNDDUTPE PH DHeDHRHEYEWU NDR Hm m Ba 00
N
D 0 PN VOVOV- DD OU DVDUVUHrR HD DH [EVD WON HB Ho —m
Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae Convolvulaceae Hydrophyllaceae Boraginaceae Verbenaceae Avicenniaceae Labiatae Solanaceae Scrophulariaceae Selaginaceae Bignoniaceae Pedaliaceae Orobanchaceae Gesneriaceae Lentibulariaceae Globulariaceae Acanthaceae Plantaginaceae Rubiaceae Valerianaceae Dipsacaceae Cucurbitaceae Campanulaceae (s. ].) Goodeniaceae Myoporaceae Compositae
Monocotyledones Typhaceae Potamogetonaceae Ruppiaceae Zannichelliaceae Najadaceae Aponogetonaceae Alismataceae Hydrocharitaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae
>
01
155) Vera ma Vmabra_NDDHr+en_nrDoON.N He
m oO
SUMMARY
ee en
1953 1—2
Gymnospermae Dicotyledones 1953—67 2—1195 Monocotyledones
ready up to end of
Cyperaceae 1968—69 | 1196—1386
rest families to be ready in spring 1971
total flora of EPA-area
*) In accordance with the average relation species: genera of the elaborated families.
61
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München a el
IHIRD REPORT ON THE PROGRESS OF THE “ADUMBRATIO FLORAE AETHIOPICAE”
RODOLFO E. G. PICHI SERMOLLI
The “Adumbratio Florae Aethiopicae” is a series of papers devoted to the taxonomic revision of the Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes of Ethio- pıia (including Eritrea), Somalia and Socotra.
The publication of the “Adumbratio Florae Aethiopicae” was under- taken ın 1953 and eight accounts have been issued since the last A.E.T.F.A.T. Meeting in 1966 (Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 54: 290. 1968). On the whole 26 families have been studied, and the following 21 accounts have been published up to this time:
1. Introductio by A. Chıarucı (Webbia 9: 1—8. 1953).
2. Ericaceae by R.E.G. Pıchı SErMoLLI and H. HEınIGErR (Webbia 9: 9—48. 12 figs. 2 maps. 1953).
3. Ophioglossaceae, Osmundaceae, Schizaeaceae by R.E.C. PıcHı SErmoLLI (Webbia 9: 623—660. 7 figs. 2 maps. 1954).
4. Hymenophyllaceae, Negripteridaceae, Cyatheaceae by R.E.G. PıcHı SErMoLLI (Webbia 12: 121—146. 8 figs. 1 map. 1955).
5. Parkerıacesae, Adiantaceae, Vittariaceae.by REG Pıcaı SERMOLLI (Webbia 12: 645— 704, 16 figs. 5 maps. 1957).
6. Caesalpiniaceae (excl. Gen. Cassia) by G. Rortı-MıcHELozzı (Webbia 13: 133— 228. 9 figs. 6 maps. 1957).
7. Cruciferae (Trib. Lepidieae, Euclidieae, Sisymbrieae) by G. FRANCHETTI (Webbia 14: 161—211. 8 maps. 1958).
8. Gleicheniaceae by R.E.G. PıcHı SermoLLı (Webbia 17: 33—43. 1 fig. 1 map. 1962).
9. Cryptogrammaceae by R.E.G. Pıcrhı SermouLıı (Webbia 17: 299—315. 3 figs. 1 map. 1963).
10. Actiniopteridaceae by R.E.G. Pıchı SermoLLı (Webbia 17: 317—328. 3 figs. 2 maps. 1963).
11. Oleandraceae by R.E.G. PıcHı SermorLLı (Webbia 20: 745—769. 2 figs. 1 map. 1965).
12. Buxaceae by G. SErRATO-VALENTI (Webbia 20: 771—778. 1 fig. 1 map. 1965).
13. Hemionitidaceae by R.E.G. PıcHı Sermorıı (Webbia 21: 487—505. 1 fig. 1 map. 1966).
14. Hypericaceae by G.Moccıand A. PısaccHı (Webbia 22: 233—289. 17 figs. 7 maps. 1967).
15. Elaphoglossaceae by R.E.G. Pıcnı SermoLıı (Webbia 23: 209—246. 6 figs. 2 maps. 1968).
16.
76
18.
19:
20.
2.
Marattiaceae by R.E.C. Pıcnı SermoLıı (Webbia 23: 329—351. 1 fig. 1 map. 1969).
Turneraceae by G. Rorı MıcHELozzı CLAvArıno (Webbia 23: 353—378. 6 figs. 1 map. 1969).
Lomariopsidaceae by R.E.G. Pıcnı SermoLuı (Webbia 23: 379—396. 3 figs. 1 map. 1969).
Thymelaeaceae by P. GAstaLvo (Webbia 24: 337—389. 15 figs. 4 maps. 1969).
Globulariaceae by G. Braccıo MoruccnHıo (Webbia 24: 619—634. 7 figs. 1 map. 1970).
Primulaceae by M. P. Bızzarrı (Webbia 24: 635—698. 14 figs. 4 maps.
.1970).
The following accounts have been accomplished and will be published
soon in the next volume of Webbia:
22. 23.
Caesalpiniaceae, gen. Cassia by G. SERRATO-VALENTI (in the press). Onagraceae by P.H. Raven et M.P. BızzArrı (ready for printing).
The revision of the following families has been undertaken since some
tıme:
—
PIERIDORFYTA
. Lycopodiaceae by R.E.G. PıcHı SERMOLLI. . Selaginellaceae by M.P. Bızzarkrı.
Iso&taceae by A.C. JErMmY. Equisetaceae by P. GasTALDo. Pteridaceae by R.E.G. Pıcnı SERMOLLI.
. Davalliaceae by R.E.G. PıcHnı SERMOLLI.
Blechnaceae by R.E.G. PıcHı SERMOLLI.
.„Polypodiaceae by R.E.G. PıcHı SERMOLLI. . Grammitaceae by R.E.G. PıcHı SERMOLLI. . Marsileaceae byE. LAuneERT.
SPERMATOPHYTA
. Olacaceae byR.A. De FıLıprs.
. Ranunculaceae by G. Mocsı.
. Menispermaceae byE. BENVENUTO.
. Cruciferae (Matthioleae, Alysseae, Arabideae) by G. Moccı. . Saxifragaceae by A. Ramrpı.
. Geraniaceae by J. O. Kokwaro.
. Rhizophoraceae byF.Orsino etM.R. ARENA.
. Gentianaceae by G. Moccı etM. PızzırANI-BARONTI.
. Menyanthaceae by G. Mocsı et M. PızzırAnI-BARONI.
. Valerianaceae by J. O. Kokwaro.
Some of these accounts are nearly completed and will be published in a
near future.
63
| Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 64—65 1.12.1974 |
SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR AN ETHIOPIAN FLORA M. G. GILBERT
The main aim of this presentation is to outline some of the factors that would have to be taken into consideration in the preparation of an Ethio- pian Flora. A major factor is the time scale which in turn devolves into the question of how much should be sacrıficed to achieve the publication of a flora within a reasonable period of time. The ideal flora would, without doubt, take a very long time, if it could be produced at all, so how can the content of a shorter work be decided on. An obvious way would be to reduce the number of species to be covered by restricting the area to be covered. A definitive flora of North Tropical East Africa, as defined by Kew, would include the Sudan, Ethiopia and the Somalias. Such a flora must be deferred as a desirable project for the future. Most authors, notably Curovonris (1953—) and PıcHt-SERMOLLI et al. (1953—) have accepted an area covering Ethopia, Somalia and French Somaliland which would include something of the order of six and a half thousand species, some 35 —40 %/o of which would be endemic. Mr. Jan GILLETT suggests that a field flora of just part of this area has much to recommend it, especially if some of the draw- backs of a hastily produced and of necessity inaccurate flora of the full area are considered.
The most important is that such a flora, by it’s very existance, would make the production of a later edition more difficult — who gives funds for the rewriting of a flora that has just been completed? Also some parts of the area under consideration are particularly badly known, notably the Ogaden of south east Ethiopia and Somalia and the south west forests of Ethiopia and there is no immediate likelihood of this situation improving. Thus any account will, at some time in the future, be proven rather inadequate. By taking a more limited area these two problems can be by-passed. Such a flora would not preempt the production of a later more complete work and could be designed so as to avoid the more contraversial areas. Mr. GILLETT suggests a Field Flora of the Ethiopian Highlands, taking the Ethiopian Plateau delimited possibly by the 1500 or 1800 m. contour. Such a flora has a further advantage in that it would include nearly all the major population centres of Ethiopia and hence would cover all the immediate problems in plant identification in biology teaching, agricultural and other field studies etc. A straight forward altitudinal delimitation does introduce problems, how many specimens have reliable altitudinal information? A possible
64
solution would be to draw up an arbitary contour and then include and ex- clude specimens according to their horizontal distribution. Another impor- tant question that must be discussed is the format, how much information should be included? It is not however of paramount importance, especially should the aim be the production of a field flora as, for the sake of brevity, less information would have to be included than would have had to be gathered for the production of the accounts, changes could be made at a comparatively late in the proceedings. Perhaps the one prior point that must be settled is should the synoptic keys of Flora of West Tropical Africa be used as a model or should the short keys and descriptions of Flora Euro- paea or something between the two. Other considerations are the inclusion of distributions, specimen citations, ecological notes etc. Lastly comes the ex- tremely important task of organısing such work. Here the question of finance looms very large indeed, especially as, as yet, it is none existant so the first task of any committee or working party will be to draw up a working plan that can be used to persuade organisations to help with its completion.
Concluding I must acknowledge the fact that the ideas presented here are the product of quite a considerable amount of conversation and corres- pondence with several other people, I hope that I have not misrepresented them too badly.
65
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 1. 12. 1971
PROGRESS OF THE FLORA OF TROPICAL EAST AFRICA
E. MILNE-REDHEAD
Owing to my heavy load of administration and other editorial duties (keeping the Kew Bulletin going), the day to day editorial work on the Flora has been very largely in the able hands of my colleague, Mr. Roger PoLHILL, and I feel sure you will agree that progress has been good and that publi- cation is continuing at a satisfactory rate considering the immensity of the task. Since the last meeting of the Association, 30 parts have been issued totalling about 1200 pages, the greater part of which is made up of the Cu- curbitaceae by Mr. C. JEFFREY, the first part of the Gramineae by Dr. W.D. CLaYTon, the Caesalpinioideae by Mr. J. P. M. BREnANn, and the first part of the Orchidaceae by Mr. V. S. SUMMERHAYES. The Annonaceae by Dr. B. VERDCOURT, the Papilionoideae by Messrs. J. B. GILLETT, R. M. PorHııı, Dr. B. VERDCOURT and collaborators, and 10 other smaller parts will shortly be in press. The Papilionoideae is represented ın East Africa by 1000 species and the completion of this account is a significant step forward. The second part of the Gramineae will shortly be submitted to the editors and good progress ıs being made with Acanthaceae by Miss. D. M. NAppEr, Ce- lastraceae by Dr. N. K. B. Rogson, Combretaceae by Mr. G. E. WICKEnSs, Compositae by Mr. C. JEFFREY, Malvaceae by Mr. G. Lı. Lucas, Meliaceae by Dr. B. Srtyres and Mr. F. WHITE, and the Orchidaceae by Mr. P. F. Hunr. Our East African collaborators now include Miss Christine H. S. KABuye, who has written the account of Oxalidaceae, Dr. J. ©. Kokwaro who has done Valerianaceae and Geraniaceae, while Mr. G. R. W. Sancaı has done Sonneratiaceae and Lecythidaceae; Mr. Afzal Hanıp is working on certain petaloid monocotyledons. Mrs. Susan HoLMmEs (nee Carter) will be visiting Kenya in the Spring of next year to collaborate on the final stages of the Euphorbieae with Mr. P. R. ©. Barıy. We are grateful to Dr. M. C. JoHnsTon of the University of Texas for an account of Rhamnaceae.
With the publication of parts already in press nearly one-third of the total Flora, 2750 out of an estimated 10.000— 11.000 species, will have been covered since publication began in 1952. The Flora is not sufficiently ad- vanced to make any predictions about when it might be completed, but it is hoped most of it will have been done before the end of the century.
Two changes have been made in the organization of the Flora project. In the past one of the difficulties has been the wastage of trained personnel
66
to more permanent posts elsewhere, but from April 1967 the Flora team has been transferred to the permanent Kew staff. There has also been some duplication of work for the various Floras with which Kew is associated be- cause of the limitation of responsibilities to geographical areas. A change- over to a systematic basis of work in the Herbarıum has just been made at Kew and this will give opportunity for study of groups in depth and the application of a wide taxonomic experience to the various Floras. Inevit- ably there will be some slowing down of floristic work in the initial stages of taking up new responsibilities, but thereafter it is hoped the various projects will have much to gain. Steps are being initiated to provide better facilities for specialized field-work in East Africa and a continuing close collaboration with local botanists.
General collections received at Kew from the Flora area since Septem- ber 1966 include 7000 duplicates from the East African Herbarıum, about 5500 numbers from resident collectors and over 2000 collected by Kew staft. Notable amongst these collections are the 1200 numbers from Dr. P. ]. GREENWAY, largely from his surveys of National Parks in Kenya and southern Tanzania, 3000 numbers from Mrs. Mary RıcHArps, largely from northern Tanzania, and 500 numbers each from Mrs. E. M. TwEEDIE and Mrs. H. G. FAULKNER. Miss D. M. NapPpeEr collected 400 numbers, mostly Acanthaceae and Cyperaceae, while on secondment to the East African Her- barıum ın 1969. Messrs. D. N. PEGLER and S. A. RENVOIZE collected 1700 numbers of fungi and 1100 numbers of vascular plants respectively on a joint expedition to Kenya and Tanzania in 1968, while most recently Mr. B. F. MATHEw, working with the Royal Geographical Society South Turkana Expedition, brought back 800 numbers from the little explored area south of Lake Rudolf. Important floristic exploration has followed the opening up of the National Parks in eastern Kenya and southern Tanzania. Improve- ments in the political situation are beginning to make exploration in the northern regions of Kenya possible once more. Even in areas regarded as relatively well collected, intensive work still reveals much previously over- looked as demonstrated by the collections of Mr. R. B. FADEn from the Thika area less than 50 km. from Nairobi and by the many new records obtained in connection with the Herbaceous Flora of Upland Kenya project.
I have been closely associated with the Flora of Tropical East Africa and with A.E.F.A.T. from their beginnings. At this conference, the last I shall attend in an official capacity, I should like to express again the grati- tude to my many friends and associates who have helped in so many ways to facilitate our work at Kew. I feel sure that the spirit of A.E.T.F.A.T. will continue in the future to resolve any conflicting view of botanists and so produce a large measure of agreement in the systematic treatments adopted in the numerous parts of the African regional floras yet to be pub-
lished.
67
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 68 | 1.12. 1971 |
FLORA OF UPLAND KENYA — PROGRESS REPORT A.D.Q. AGNEW
Due to the generous cooperation of many colleagues in many families this Flora is now virtually complete. It consists of family and generic des- criptions and keys, and shorter descriptions of species with notes on their occurrence and distribution. Cited numbers refer to examined specimens and no new taxa are described, altough it has been found necessary to make a few new combinations. Taxa where there is nomenclatural doubt are re- fered to alphabetically, “species A”, “species B” etc. and no subspecific taxa are identified or enumerated.
It has been decided to include the ferns but to exclude the Cyperaceae which are being locally dealt with by Diana NArrer in the Journal of the East African Natural History Society, the last contribution to which was in volume 26: 1—17 (1966). The total number of species will work out at about 2880 of which 880 have been illustrated in 283 plates of line drawings by Mrs. M. TweeDıe of Kitale.
Publication is in the hands of the Oxford University Press of Nairobi, and it has been made possible by generous gifts of money from business firms in Nairobi (Brooke Bond Lrp, Hoechst (EA) Lrp, Shell Chemical (EA) Lrp, Twiga Chemicals Lrp and Murphy Chemikals (EA) Lrp). This will allow the price of the work to be kept down so that students and teachers may
afford it.
68
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 1. 12. 1971
FLORA ZAMBESIACA
A. W. EXELL
Flora Zambesiaca deals with the flora of the countries “terrarum Zam- besii aquis conjunctarum”, approximately the basin of the Zambezi, com- prising Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswanaland and Rhodesia and in- cluding for reasons of convenience the Caprıvi Strip.
The project was started in 1955 by agreement between Portugal, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, as it then was, and Great Britain represented at that time in the area by Bechuanaland Protectorate, now Botswana.
Flora Zambesiaca claims to be a complete flora in a sense which I will explain. I consider that a complete flora should give satisfactory infor- mation in 7 categories:
1. Keys to families, genera and species.
2. Latin names with author(s) place of publication and type.
3.Synonymy complete as regards the nomenclatural history of the
species (the accepted name) and the main names which have been used in the past for it in the area concerned (but not necessarily a com- plete world synonymy).
4. Descriptions including at least the principal diagnostic features but
not necessarily of monographic completeness.
5. Citation of representative specimens with the herbaria in which they
are to be found.
6. Ecological information.
7. Adequate illustrations.
The intention is to publish Flora Zambesiaca in complete volumes or parts of volumes but not necessarily in strict chronological order in accor- dance with the BENTHAM & Hooker system, adopted mainly for administra- ‚tive convenience.
The first volume included various introductory features, the Gym- nospermae and the Angiospermae from Ranunculaceae to Sterculiaceae ın- clusive. This was published in two parts, the first in 1960 and the second ın 1961.
The second volume, Tiliaceae to Connaraceae was also published in two parts, in 1963 and 1966 respectively.
The first part of Volume 3, Leguminosae-Mimosoideae is now in the press and should appear very shortly.
69
Also in the press is a special volume, the Pteridophyta, which will not be in the numbered sequence.
Furthermore, the first part of the Gramineae is nearly complete and will be published much ın advance of the systematic position of that family. We expect the Gramineae to be volume 10.
I do not propose to give a long list of the authors of the various families. The work has been done mainly by the Flora Zambesiaca staff and by the staff of the following institutions (in alphabetical order): British Museum of Natural History, Coimbra (Instituto Botänico), Kew (Royal Botanic Gardens); Lisbon (Centro de Botänica), Salisbury (Dept. of Agri- culture). The Pteridophyta are by Dr. Schelpe of South Africa.
The two volumes already published contain approximately 283 genera and 1187 species and if our estimate is correct the total number of species of Flowering Plants in the flora should be about 6000 but the margin of error is considerable.
Finally, it will be obvious to all that political difficulties have delayed and hampered our work but it is a great satisfaction to my colleagues and myself that Flora Zambesiaca has been able to continue with the collabo- ration of all the countries concerned.
70
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 71 1297
FOREST FLORA OF ZAMBIA F. WHITE
The first edition, in which just over 1500 indigenous and exotic species of woody plants are described, was published in 1962.
1500 copies were printed, of which 400 were distributed officially. The remaining stock is almost exhausted and the work is expected to go out of print in the near future.
Since the completion of the first edition, I have been making prepa- rations for a second edition. I have kept a record of all additions to the woody flora of Zambia and all published changes aftecting nomenclature and taxonomy.
One of the distinctive features of the first edition is the inclusion of much information on field characters and ecology. In 1960 on a second visit to Zambia, I was able to collect much information, which was too late for inclusion in the first edition, but is available for the second. Mr. D.B. FANSHAWE, Principal Scientific Officer of the Department of Forestry, is currently preparing detailed accounts of the distribution and ecology of each species. So far he has reached Leguminosae: Papilionoideae. Mr. R. M. Lawron, formerly of the Forest Department, and subsequently Plant Ecolo- gist at Mount Makulu Agricultural Research Station, who is now employed as Plant Ecologist to the Natural Resources Division of the Directorate of Overseas Surveys is at present making an ecological study of the vegetation of the Northern Province. This is yielding much information about impor- tant indicator species, which will be included in the second edition.
Systematic work on the second edition has not yet started. It must await the completion of certain other commitments — the new Vegetation Map of Africa and accounts of the Ebenaceae for a number of regional floras. In the meantime more plates of line — drawings are being prepared. About 40 dealing with genera and families which were not illustrated in the first edition have been completed.
71
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 72—74 ze
RAPPORT SUR LE “CONSPECTUS FLORAE ANGOLENSIS”
A. FERNANDES
Le « Conspectus Florae Angolensis » a Et€ entrepris par l’Institut Bota- nıque de l’Universit€ de Coimbra en collaboration avec le Department of Botany du British Museum. Le fascicule 1 du volume I (Ranunculaceae — Malvaceae) a paru le 30 Janvier 1937. Le deces de M. le Prof. L. W. CArrısso et les difficultes survenues par suite de la deuxieme guerre mondiale ont Et les causes responsables de l’interruption des travaux pendant une periode superieure A 10 anne&es. La publication a &t€ reprise le 20 Aoüt 1951, date a laquelle le fascicule 2 du colume I (Malvaceae—Aquifoliaceae) s’est acheve d’imprimer. Les fascicules 1 (Celastraceae—Connaraceae) et 2 (Balsamina- ceae—Mimosoideae) du volume II ont paru le 20 Mai 1954 et le 20 Avril 1956, respectivement. Dans le but d’accelerer le travail, le Centro de Botäni- ca da Junta de Investigagöes do Ultramar a Et& associ€ au projet en 1959 et, gräce A cette collaboration plus Etendue, les fascicules 1 et 2 du volume III, contenant les Papilionoideae, sont sortis de la presse le 30 Janvier 1962 et le 29 Avril 1966, respectivement. Le vol. IV, edite par A. W. ExELL, A. FER- NANDES et E. J. MENDES et comprenant les familles Rosaceae—Alangiaceae, vient de paraitre (14 Aoüt 1970). Il s’agit d’un volume de 401 pages, illustre du portrait de FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH, d’une planche en couleurs de Dissotis Welwitschii Cosn. d’apres deux kodachromes nature de M. E. J. MEnDEs et de 45 planches de dessins correspondant A autant d’especes.
On estime que ces quatre volumes mentionnent ä peu pres 40/0 des es- peces de la flore de l’Angola. De cette fagon, on devra prevoir que l’ouvrage se composera d’un total de 10 volumes, ce qui revient a dire que 6 manquent encore. En admettant qu’un volume sera publie chaque p£riode de 5 annees, ıl faudra 30 ans pour achever le projet. Nous croyons donc que le Conspectus ne sera fini que vers l’ann&e 2000, au moins que des evenements impre£visibles, comme, par exemple, l’augmentation des « staffs » des institutions qui colla- borent, aient lieu.
Le volume V est reserv& aux familles Rubiaceae et Compositae. Dans la premiere travaillent MM. J. G. GarcıA (tribus Naucleae ä Morindeae) et E. J. Menpes (tribus Psychotreae A Galieae). Eventuellement, A. FERNANDES pourra prendre A sa charge une ou deux de ces tribus. Dans la deuxieme, les trıbus suivantes ont £te attrıbuees :
R. FERNANDES : Anthemideae.
72
J: A. RODRIGUES DE PAıvaA : Eupatorieae, Asteroideae et Inuleae.
A. RocHA DA TORRE : Senecionideae et Vernoniae.
Nous esperons que M. le Prof. H. Wırp puisse aussi nous donner sa collaboration.
Comme nous l’avons mentionn& dans un rapport ant£erieur (in Acta Phy- togeogr. Suec. 54, 293. 1968), l’etude de l’importante famille des Gramineae, entreprise par J. CARVALHO E VASCONCELLOS (trıbus Oryzeae, Aveneae et Phareae) et E. LAUNERT (les autres trıbus), est en progres. Nous croyons que le manuscrit de la premiere partie de cette famille sera fini vers la fin de 1971. La famille des Gramineae constituera probablement le volume IX.
D’autre part, Mr. A. C. L. E. SCHELPE a bien voulu s’occuper des Fili- cineae, dont l’Etude fait des progres.
Pendant les 4 dernieres annees (1966—1969) beaucoup de recoltes ont ete faites particulierement par le personnel scientifique et technique de la Division de Botanique Agricole et de Phytog&ographie de l’Institut de Re- cherche Agronomique de l’Angola (LUA), de la Section de Phytog&ographie et Botanique Systematique de l’Institut de Recherche Scientifique de l’Angola (LUAI) et du Laboratoire de Botanique de l’Universit€E de Luanda (LUAU). Les resultats les plus importants des herborisations men&es A bout par ces in- stitutions sont les suivants :
Districts explores referes a la di-
Be Er u e ; Nombre de num£ros Institutions vision administrative adoptee dans
le Conspectus) recoltes Luanda, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza LUA Sul, Benguela, Bie, Mogämedes et 3214
Huila
LUAI Lunda, Benguela, Bie, Mocämedes, 3609
Huila et Cuando-Cubango
Luanda, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Benguela, Bie, Mogämedes et Huila
LUAU 2472
Luanda, Cuanza Sul, Malange,
On constate donc que 9295 numeros ont £te recueillis, ce qui correspond a une moyenne de 2323 par an.
Par le fait qu’elles ont Et ramassees dans des regions moins explorees, les collections suivantes sont dignes d’etre remarquees : L. A. GRANDVAUX BARBOSA, dans le district de Benguela ; J. Brrro TEIxEIRA & al., dans les dis- tricts de Luanda (Vale do Bengo et Quigama), Bie (Chitembo et Catota) et Mogämedes (Parque Nacional do Iona) ; R. F. ROMErRO MoNTEIROo, dans le district du Bie; ©. J. AZANCOT DE MENEZES, dans les districts de Malange
3
(Reserva da Palanca Preta Gigante de Cangandala) et le sud de !’Huila ;R. 1. S. CoRREIA, dans les districts d’Huila (Rogadas et Gambos) et Malange (Can- gandala) ; et R. M. Dos SanTos, dans les districts de Cuando-Cubango (Cui- to-Cuanavale, Mavinga, Dirico, Cuangar, Rivungo et Cuchi) et Benguela (Bailundo).
L’examen de ces materiaux permettra l’obtention d’une meilleure con- naissance des taxa de la region, ce qui revient A dire que l’&tude des familles pas encore publiees pourra &tre plus parfaite que celle des familles anterieu- res, quelques unes desquelles auront certainement besoin d’etre soumises A une revision. Un cas instrutif de ce point de vue est celui des Burseraceae, puisqu’on connait d&ja 20 especes chez le genre Commiphora, tandis que le Conspectus ne registre que 7.
74
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München Bee 1. 12. 1971
THE FLORA OFSOUTH WEST AFRICA H. MERXMÜLLER
On our last Meeting, 1966 in Uppsala, I was able to tell you that the first eight issues of our “Prodromus einer Flora von Südwestafrika” were published a few weeks before. In the meantime further 25 issues were published, inclusive the voluminous families of Aizoaceae, Fabaceae and Li- liaceae, which were printed a fortnight ago. Because of a delay with the printers I can show you only the first proofs of the last remaining family, the Gramineae by E. LAUNERT; at the end of this month it will be completed. We hope to work out an index for the whole flora until the end of this year; it will be published as the 35th and last issue. Nevertheless we believe to have kept more or less our promise to present at this congress the complete flora.
The “Prodromus” comprises 166 families, 898 genera and 3159 species; by far the most extensive families are the Gramineae and Compositae, each with about 340 species. Of course we realize that with these numbers the richness of this country is not completely expressed; mainly in the north eastern most and north western most parts of the country (and probably also in the southern most parts) one still can expect new discoveries.
Nevertheless it seems that collecting in SWA has somewhat slackened. Important collecting expeditions have been made since 1966, as far as I know, only by Kers, Stockholm, by IHLENFELDT, Hamburg, as well as by P. G. Mayer (for the time being Windhoek). However, we still owe the collec- tions most rich in specimens and scientifically most important to the con- tinuing activity of Mr. Willy Gıess in Windhoek, who during the last years has devoted himself to less known regions such as the Sandveld.
I also cannot say much about German collecting in Africa. Besides the just mentioned collections of IHLENFELDT and MAYER in SWA mainly those of SEBALD (Stuttgart) in Ethiopia, RauH (Heidelberg) in Madagascar and ScHoLz (Berlin) in the area of the southern Sahara have to be mentioned.
75
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München DIA
PROGRESS WITH THE FLORA OFSOUTHERN AFRICA
D. J. B. KILLICK
Since our last meeting in 1966 a further volume of the Flora of Southern Afrıca has been published — actually only two weeks ago, so it is practically “hot off the press”. This ıs Volume 13, which consists chiefly of the family Cruciferae revised by Mr. W. Maraıs. The only other large family in Vol. 13 is Capparaceae, which was dealt with by Dr. L. E. Copp and Mr. L. Kers (Cleome), Mr. H. R. TöLxen (Boscia and Capparis), Miss J. MarsH (Cadaba) and myself (Maerna, Bachmannia, Thilachium and Cladostemon). The remaining smaller families were completed by Mrs. A. A. OBERMEIJER-MAU- vE (Droseraceae, Roridulaceae, Podostemaceae, Hydrostachyaceae) and Dr. O. LEISTNER (Resedaceae, Moringaceae).
Four volumes are in the course of preparation, namely Volumes 9, 16, 21 and 22. In Vol. 9, only the family Myricaceae has been completed — this by myself (1969). The huge task in this volume is the Proteaceae. Consider- able progress has been made by Mr. I. WırLıams with Leucadendron and Mr. J- RourkE has published an account of Sorocephalus (1969) and has com- pleted Spatalla and most of Leucospermum. Professor H. B. Rycrorr is dea- ling with Protea, and Professor DE WoLF with Ficus in Moraceae.
Vol. 16 comprises the family Leguminosae. Dr. Ross has almost com- pleted Acacia and has started some of the other genera of Mimosoideae. In Caesalpinioideae Dr. K. GORDON-GRAY has agreed to tackle Cassia.
Vol. 21, consisting of four families with about 400 species, is nearing completion. Dr. H. Wıro of Salisbury completed the Tiliaceae some years ago. In the Malvaceae Dr. Exerı has completed Hibiscus, Allenia, Thespesia, Cienfugosia, Fugosia and Gossypium. Dr. LEISTNER, in collaboration with Professor MEEuUSE of Amsterdam, is putting the finishing touches to Abutilon, Wissadula, Althaea, Malva, Sida, Pavonia, Lavatera and Modiola. Dr. BATES of Cornell University has completed Sphaeralcea, Anisodontea and Mal- vastrum. Dr. I. C. VERDOORN has completed the Bombaceae and in the Sterculiaceae has completed Melhania, Dombeya, Waltheria and Cola. Her- mannia ıs being tackled jointly by Drs. B. DE WINTER and VERDOORN. Sixty- two of the 130 species have been written up ın Flora format. Mr. J. LANDMAN has completed Sterculia. It is probable that this will be the next volume to go to the press.
Vol. 22 ıs a small volume of 14 families and 112 species. The largest
76
family is Flacourtiaceae consisting of 34 species. I have completed this family except for the genus Dovyalis, which has been the subject of an M. Sc. thesis by Mrs. J. LANGENEGGER. Dr. GORDON-GRAY has volunteered to tackle Violaceae and Dr. O. HırLıarv, Begoniaceae. Dr. W. J. J. O. DE WıL- DE of Leiden is dealing with the world species of Adenia in Passifloraceae and I am hoping that he will prepare an account for us of the South African species. I am proposing to revise the family Guttiferae in collaboration with the specialist in that family, Dr. N. K. B. Rogson of the British Museum.
Several revisions of groups not included in volumes being currently tackled have been or are being undertaken. Notable in this connection is Dr. Copp’s revision of Kniphofia, which appeared in print last year. Among the others are Burrr and HırLıarp’s revision of Streptocarpus, HaLr’s revision of Eulophia and JEssoP’s revision of Asparagus. Mrs. OBERMEIJER-MAUVE is at present continuing the revision of Gladiolus started by the late Dr. Lewis.
This then, is the state of the progress of the Flora of Southern Africa. In bald figures about 1100 species out of a total of over 17.000 species ı. e. 7°/o have been revised since the F.S.A. project started in 1957. The first volume (26) appeared in 1963. At this rate the Flora will take another two centuries to complete. Dr. B. DE WIınTEr (1970) has estimated that with a team of five fully-trained taxonomists dealing with 150 species per year, it would take only another 18 years to complete the F.S.A. The fact is that, though the Flora team consists of seven professional taxonomists, there is not a single taxonomist working full-time on the F.S.A. Contributions are chiefly made on a part-time basis — a most unsatisfactory state of affaırs to be sure.
Apart from the Flora, two other works are in hand. Dr. R. A. Dyer’s revision of PHıLLıps’s “Genera of South African Flowering Plants” is making considerable headway. Most of the work on the dicotyledonous families has been completed and it is hoped to issue drafts of the families for the testing of keys by the end of the year. The other work is a revision by Dr. J. H. Ross of Bews’s “Flora of Natal and Zululand”. This is essentially a check- list with keys to families and genera. Dr. Ross hopes to complete this work by June 1971.
Professor LEONARD has asked for information about recent collecting in the different A.E.T.F.A.T. countries. In South Africa collecting is proceed- ing apace in numerous areas particularly the Highveld Region of the Trans- vaal (Messrs. J. C. SCHEEPERS and J. W. Morris), the Orange River Valley (Dr. WERGER), Natal generally (STREY, MoLL, HirLLıard, Kırrıck and VAHR- MEIJER), the Mariepskop area of the Eastern Transvaal (Prof. H. P. van DER SCHIJFF, Mrs. E. SCHOONRAAD and Mr. P. VORSTER). Dr. A. JACOT-GUILLAR- MOD continues collecting actively in Lesotho.
In an effort to speed up work on the F.S.A. we have introduced several taxonomic aids. The first is a card index to author abbreviations. This in- formation is now available as a roneoed list. Also, we have a card index to abbreviations of periodicals and books; again, this is available as a roneoed
77
list. The third aid is a card index to location of type specimens; this is arranged alphabetically according to collectors and herbarıa. Workers are encouraged to add information to these card indexes. The fourth aid is the gazeteer of “South African Place Names” prepared by the Botanical Res- earch Institute. This eliminates the drudgery of searching for the precise location of localities on maps.
In spite of the somewhat gloomy picture I may have presented of the progress with the F.S.A., we continue to be optimistic and hope that our taxonomic resources and output will improve in the near future.
78
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 79—81 11221971
ETUDESRECENTESSUR LESVEGETAUX MALGACHES
MONIQUE KERAUDREN-AYMONIN
Henri HuMBERT, fondateur de la Flore de Madagascar et des Comores est decede en octobre 1967 ; il venait de superviser les &preuves du premier volume des Acanthacees qui devait sortir quelques jours plus tard. Sa dispa- rition a cause un reel pr&judice A la poursuite de la Flore durant ces dernieres annees d’autant que l’auteur des Acanthacees, Raymond Benoıst devait s’eteindre A son tour a l’äge de 87 ans, en 1970.
Depuis la derniere reunion de PAETFAT, R. Benoist a realise dans ce premier tome des Acanthacees, la synthese de deux sous-familles, les Thun- bergioidees et les Nelsonioidees (groupant 4 genres et 15 especes et une partie des Acanthoidees (27 genres et 145 especes). Ce sont des plantes herbac£es, lianescentes ou des petits arbustes dont on trouve des representants dans tous les domaines de Madagascar. Parmi les genres les plus importants, signalons les Ruellia (31 especes) et les Barleria (27 especes) dont la plupart sont par- ticuliers aux domaines de l’Ouest et du Sud, dans les bois sur rocailles calcai- res ou dans des for£ts basses sclerophylles. Les tomes II et III des Acanthacees devaient comprendre la grande tribu des Justiciees, abondamment repre&sen- tee A Madagascar. La disparition de R. BEnoIsT est &videmment un gros han- dicap car ses manuscrits, encore incomplets, devront faire l’objet d’une mo- dernisation substantielle.
H. HumserT avait effectu& de nombreuses recherches demeur£es inedites sur plusieurs familles de la flore malgache, en particulier : Podocarpac£es, Gentianacees, Scrofulariacees, Ombelliferes, Begoniacees, Pedaliacees et Gesneriacees. Ces deux dernieres familles vont paraitre tres prochainement! A titre posthume gräce A une revision globale des manuscrits et du mate£riel d’herbier, revision r&alisee avec la collaboration du specialiste mondial de la famille, B. L. Burrr. Henri HumseErT avait decrit, en 1967, peu de temps avant sa disparition, une vingtaine de Streptocarpus nouveaux, tous end&mi- ques de Madagascar.
Un seul fascicule de la Flore est effectivement paru entre 1966 et 1970, mais la connaissance de la flore malgache ne s’est pas ralentie. De tres nom- breuses mises au point preliminaires, r&alisees pour differents groupes, pr&pa-
1 Parues en juillet 1971
79
rent les syntheses A l’Echelle des familles. Ainsi A. Cavaco a entrepris la re- vision des Rubiacees et decrit plusieurs especes nouvelles dans les tribus des Albertees, des Cinchon&es et des Vangue£ries.
Les collections relatives A la famille des Apocynacees (etudiee jusqu’en 1954 par Marcel PıcHon), se sont considerablement accrues depuis la dispari- tion prematuree de cet &minent taxinomiste. Cette famille fait actuellement l’objet de recherches synthetiques, r&alisees par le Professeur MARKGRAF, re- pute specialiste des Apocynacees. Ainsi de nombreux genres sont en cours de revision, parmi les principaux r&sultats, notons outre de nombreuses especes nouvelles des genres Cataranthus, Carissa, Ranvolfia et Hazunta, le re- groupement dans le genre Pandaca de plusieurs especes rapportees aupara- vant au genre Tabernaemontana, et une mise au point sur le genre Cabucala. Une &tude sur les Pachypodes due & J. KoEcHLIN (morphologie) est egalement venue completer nos connaissance sur les Apocynacees.
La famille des Orchidees, elaboree en 1939 par PERRIER DE LA BATHIE, est actuellement en cours de revision par J. BossEr qui a accumule un abondant mat£eriel compl&mentaire au cours de ses sejours a Madagascar. Les decouvertes de nombreuses especes nouvelles justifient d’envisager la mise au point d’une nouvelle redaction de cette famille dont le tome ler est Epuise.
La famille des Graminees a ete l’objet d’une tres important synthese de J. Bosser pour les especes des päturages et des cultures malgaches : 106 genres et 266 especes de Pooideae et Panicoideae ont &te Etudies. Rappelons que la publication des Graminees de la Flore a &galement &t& ajournee par la disparition de Mlle A. Camus en 1965.
Un genre nouveau Humbertioturraea (Meliacees) a Et€ reconnu par le Professeur Jean-Francois LEROY. Ce genre se distingue des Turraea par son fruit en baie, alors que celui des vrais Turraea est une capsule. De plus, les fleurs de ce genre nouveau possedent des parois ovariennes A structure parti- culiere. C’est un cas specialement interessant d’evolution qui intervient au niveau de l’ovaire.
D’interessantes constatations sur les Saxifragacees arbustives du genre Brexia ont &te developpees egalement par Jean-Frangois LEROY qui a decrit une nouvelle espece localisee sur le plateau de l’Horombe (sud-ouest).
R. CAPUROoN! poursuit toujours ses mises au point sur des problemes precis relatif A la flore forestiere malgache. Ainsi en est-ıl pour divers groupes de Burserac&es, Malvac&es, Rutacees. Parmi les Legumineuses (dont la seule etude synthetique due a R. VIGUIER remonte a 1944, et n’est connue que par 2 exemplaires imprim&s ayant &chappes aux domages de guerre), R. CAPURON s’est attach& specialement aux Swartziees et aux Cassiees. Parmi ces derniers il a reconnu 2 genres nouveaux Eligmocarpus et Mendoravia. La sous-famille des Papilionacees est actuellement &tudiee par M. PELTIER.
1 La disparition brutale de R. Caruron, en aoüt 1971 est une perte irr¶ble pour la botanique forestiere malgache.
80
Une revision des Sapindacees (26 genres, 89 especes dont 77 end&mique) a ete publiee egalement par R. CAPuRON qui a reconnu 4 genres nouveaux et 39 especes nouvelles.
Plusieurs autres familles ont egalement donne& lieu A des decouvertes ou des mises au point recentes : 1 genre nouveau parmi les Cyp£racees, Tri- choschoenus J. RAYNAL, 2 especes nouvelles chez les Hydrostachyac£es (Colette CussET), plusieurs Croton par J. LEANDRI, 2 Lycopodiacees par Mme TARDIEU- BroT, 1 Podocarpus par P. WorLtz, 3 Aloe par J. Bosser, 7 Pandanus nou- veaux furent egalement reconnus soit par H. SAINT- JOHN soit par B. C. STo- NE. Le groupe des Gymnospermes malgaches (Cycadacees et Podocarpacees) a et€ completement &tudi€ par D. DE LAUBENFELS et paraitra tres prochaine- ment.
Quelques genres ont fait l’objet d’etudes cytotaxinomiques, specialement chez les Cucurbitacees ou des nombres chromosomiques nouveaux ont £te reperes (M. KERAUDREN-AYMONIN). En morphologie l’on peut rappeler les complements apportes par J. L. GUILLAUMET et J. KoECHLIN & propos d’une forme (ou d’une espece ?) inedite de Didierea.
Enfin la connaissance palynologique de la flore malgache s’est pour- suivie. Plusieurs familles ont Et£ traitees dans la serie dirigee par H. STRAKA : Palynologica Madagassıca.
Les collections se sont accrues regulierement gräce aux travaux de ter- rain de MM. Bosser, GUILLAUMET et MoRAT et les collections importantes du Service forestier de Madagascar, realısees par R. CAPURON, sont venues enrichir nos Herbiers.
Notons pour terminer la publication de cartes mentionnant les itinerai- res de H. HumBErRT avec de nombreux commentaires.
81
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 10 | 82—85 1. 12. 1971
STATISTIQUES DES PROGRES ACCOMPLIS EN 17 ANS DANS LA CONNAISSANCE DE LA FLORE PHANEROGAMIQUE AFRICAINE ET MALGACHE (1953—1969)
]J. LEONARD
Au cours du 6e Congres de l’A.E.T.F.A.T., nous avons pre£sente£ les sta- tistiques des progres accomplis dans la connaissance de la flore phaneroga- mique afrıcaine et malgache au cours des annees 1953 a 19651. Nous pou- vons etendre aujourd’hui notre analyse gräce au depouillement des A.E.T.F.A.T. — Index? des annees 1966 aA 1969. Nous disposons ainsi de donnees qui s’etendent sur 17 ans (1953 a 1969) et se rapportent uniquement ä la flore afrıcaine (Afrique du Nord exceptee) et malgache.
L’examen des chiffres presentes dans les deux tableaux suivants appelle divers commentaires.
1. Genres nouveanx. Au cours des 4 dernieres annees (1966— 1969), 60 genres nouveaux ont £t& dEcrits, soit 15 en moyenne par an ou 1 tous les 24 jours. C’est la moyenne la plus basse depuis 1953. Elle est inf&rieure de 29°/» A la moyenne des annees 1953 a 1965 (21). Depuis 4 ans, le nom- bre de genres nouveaux decroit d’ailleurs regulierement (19, 18, 14, 9).
En 17 ans (1953 A 1969), 336 genres nouveaux ont Et publies, soit 20 en moyenne par an, c’est-a-dıre 1 genre nouveau tous les 18 jours, contre 17 jours de 1953 A 1965 et 15 jours de 1953 4 1962. Ilya done un certain ralentissement dans la production generique!
2. Especes nouvelles. De 1966 A 1969, 1099 especes nouvelles ont £te re- connues, soit 275 de moyenne par an, chiffre en forte regression par rapport a la moyenne annuelle de la periode 1963—1965 (386). Ce nombre de 275 represente une diminution de 32°/o (un tiers!) par rapport A la moyenne annuelle des annees 1953 ä& 1965 (406).
1 I. et ©. HEDBeErg (ed.), Conservation of vegetation in Africa south of the Sahara, Proc. 6th meeting AETFAT, Acta phytogeogr. suecica 54: 297—299 (1968).
2 AETFAT — INDEX. Releve des travaux de phanerogamie syst@matique et des taxons nouveaux concernant l’Afrique au sud du Sahara et Madagascar, Lab. Bot. Syst. Universite, 28 Av. P. Heger, B 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
32
En 1969, 226 especes seulement ont Et€ reconnues comme nouvelles, chiffre le plus bas depuis 1953, ne representant m&me pas la moitie du nombre des especes decrites certaines anndes ant£rieures !
En 17 ans, 6383 especes nouvelles ont ainsi ete publiees, soit 375 en moyenne par an (l par jour!) contre 406 (moyenne de la p£riode 1953— 1965) ou 412 (moyenne 1953— 1962).
Ici aussi il ya doncune nette diminution dans la caden- ce de production desespe&ces.
3. Combinaisons nouvelles. Le nombre des combinaisons nouvelles (c’est-a-dire des changements de genre et des changements de rang inferieur au genre) proposees de 1966 A 1969 atteint 1160, soit 290 par an en moyenne, chiffre pratiquement identique (diminution 50%» seulement) a la moyenne de la periode 1953 a 1965 (306). Cette moyenne de 290 n’a cepen- dant pu &tre obtenue que gräce au transfert, en 1967, de 200 taxons environ, des genres Cissus et Vitis en Cyphostemma!
En 17 ans, 5139 combinaisons ont &t€ proposees, soit 302 en moyenne par an, chiffre qui indique bien que les divergences d’opinion entre systema- ticiens demeurent nombreuses.
4. Taxons infraspecifigues nouveaux. De 1966 A 1969, 406 taxons in- fraspecifiques ont Et€ proposes, soit 101 en moyenne par an, chiffre represen- tant une diminution de 25°» par rapport A la moyenne des anne&es 1953 & 1965 (135).
En 17 ans (1953 ä 1969), 2158 taxons infraspecifiques ont Et& publies, soit 127 par an en moyenne, contre 135 pour la periode 1953 a 1965 et 140 pour les ann&es 1953 & 1962. Icı aussi un certain ralentissement se constate.
5. Total des noms nouveaux. En 4 ans, de 1966 A 1969, 2725 noms nouveaux ont donc &t& proposes, soit 681 en moyenne chaque ann&e, c’est-A- direune diminution de 22°» par rapport A la moyenne annuelle des annees 1953 a 1965 (868).
Au cours de la periode 1953 ä 1969 (17 ans), le total des noms nouveaux publies s’eleve a 14 106, soit 824 en moyenne par an, c’est-A-dire toujours un peu plus de 2 noms nouveaux par jour!
6. Total des taxons nouveaux. Le total des taxons nouveaux dE£crits en 17 ans s’eleve ä environ 8800, c’est-A-dire 518 taxons nouveaux par an en moyenne.
Cependant, la moyenne annuelle des taxons nouveaux pour la periode 1966—1969 n’atteint que 391. Ce chiffre, compare ä la moyenne annuelle pour la periode 1953—1959 (env. 600) et A celle de 1960 A 1965 (env. 500) est la preuve d’un manifeste ralentissement dans la descrip- tion des taxons nouveaux au cours de ces dernitres anndes.
83
CONCLUSIONS
1. La periode analytique et descriptive de l’Etude de la flore afrıcaine et malgache se poursuit toujours.
2. Cette flore est encore loin d’etre bien connue puisqu’au cours des 4 dernieres annees (1966 A 1969), plus de 1500 taxons nouveaux ont encore ete decrits.
3. Neanmoins, un net ralentissement dans la decouverte de taxons nouveaux s’est constatee au cours de la periode Ecoulee (1966 a 1969) par rapport aux p£riodes precedentes (1953 a 1965). Cette diminution atteint 290/, pour les genres, 32/0 pour les especes, 250/o pour les taxons infraspeci- fiques et 22°/o pour les noms nouveaux.
4. A quoi attribuer cette forte regression ? Au fait que la flore africaine et malgache commence A Etre de mieux en mieux connue ? En partie certaine- ment, mais aussı A Ja diminution constante du nombre de botanistes tra- vaillant sur le terrain en Afrique et au nombre insuffisant d’expeditions bo- taniques sillonnant les regions botaniquement encore mal connues d’Afrique.
5. Nous ne pouvons des lors que repeter ce que nous disions lors du precedent Congres :
— Il convient donc d’intensifier Ja campagne d’exploration floristique de l’Afrique principalement en des regions jusqu’ici peu explorees.
— Il importe de poursuivre, et si possible d’intensifier, la publication de Flores regionales (de preference du type de Fl. West Trop. Africa) se rappor- tant A de vastes contrees (grands pays ou groupe de pays).
— Il devient urgent d’envisager la preparation d’une Flora africana afın d’inaugurer la periode synthetique de l’Etude de la flore africaine.
84
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Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 86—90 1.122197
LES ACTIVITES BOTANIQUES DE L’INSTITUT D’ELEVAGE ET DE MEDECINE VETERINAIRE DES PAYS TROPICAUX DE 1961 A 1970
J--P. LEBRUN
En mai 1970 £Etait celebre le cinquantenaire de la fondation de l’Institut d’Elevage.
Mais ce n’est qu’en 1961 que fut cre& au sein de cet organısme un Service Agrostologique.
L’activite de cette section peut se resumer ainsi :
Sur le plan phytosociologigue. Publication de 28 rapports agrostologi- ques, accompagn&s de 30 cartes de päturages naturels, realisees le plus souvent en couleurs ä des Echelles variables selon les cas et representant une surface d’environ 260.000 km? ; ces Etudes interessant l’Afrique tropicale, l’Arabie et Madagascar.
Sur le plan floristigue. Constitution d’un herbier de 30.000 nume£ros, dont une partie est conserv£&e A titre d’herbier de reference A Maisons-Alfort, l’autre partie ayant et€ donn&ee au Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Parıs.
Contribution A la connaissance floristique de differents pays africains :
Senegal : 3 publications concernant ce pays ce qui permet une evaluation de la flore sen&galaise qui compte actuellement 2.075 especes spon- tanees.
— l’etablissement d’une bibliographie botanique d’environ 165 nume£ros et couyrant la periode 1941— 1969.
Niger : 3 publications mettent en Evidence 30 especes ne figurant pas dans la seconde Edition de la « Flora of West Tropical Africa ». Si on estime ä 120 le nombre d’especes qu’il faut actuellement ajouter A ce qui est eflec- tivement publie de la nouvelle F.W.T.A., le quart provient du Niger.
Un catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Niger sahelien (environ 1.000 especes) est en preparation.
Tchad : Etablissement d’un catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Tchad meridional (c. A d. des regions situ&es au Sud du 16e parallele) ; ce travail doit sortir en 1971 ; la richesse floristique de cette zone s’etablissant a 1.200 especes ; mais il faut s’attendre & une augmentation sensible de ce chiffre a la faveur de nouvelles recoltes actuellement en cours.
Un catalogue Etendu A l’ensemble du Tchad est en preparation.
86
Mali : Un catalogue est en cours de redaction.
Par ailleurs nous devons citer :
la description d’une dizaine d’especes nouvelles decrites par nous-m&mes ou par divers sp£cialistes qui ont pu travailler sur notre mate£riel.
l’etablissement d’une vingtaine de cartes de r&partition pour des especes non critiques ou recemment revisees presentes en Afrique ; d’autres doivent suivre ; en nombre suflisant, elles pourront contribuer A la r&union fort souhaitable d’une serie de cartes de r&partitions de plantes presentes en Afrıque,
Pour terminer, mentionnons quelques decouvertes botaniques particu- lierement interessantes :
Cyanotis axıllarıs au Tchad, Commelinacee des Indes.
Hoppea dichotoma au Senegal, Gentianacee des Indes, connue d’Afrique depuis peu, en 3 points.
Phyllanthus cerastostemon au Tchad, Euphorbiacee recemment d£crite de Zamebıe.
Scholleropsis Iutea au Tchad, Pontederiacee de Madagascar, decouverte
aussı au Cameroun par M. LETOUZEY.
Gardenia subacaulis, du Tchad, Rubiacee du Sud-Est de l’Afrique.
Dicoma capensis au Niger, Composee d’Afrique du Sud, meconnue en Afrique septentrionale.
Mitreola petiolata au Senegal, Loganiac&e connue en 3 points en Af- rıque.
ETUDES AGROSTOLOGIQUES DE L’LE.M.V.T.
GirLET, H., Päturages saheliens — Le Ranch de l’Ouadi Rime. 1 vol., 210 p., 21 pl. photos h.—t., 7 cartes, 10 fig., 10 tabl. Rep. du Tchad, Ministere de l’Elevage et I.E.M.V.T., Alfort, Seine — Journ. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 8 : 465—536 et 557—692 (1961).
BouDET, G., et DUVERGER, E., Etude des päturages naturels saheliens. Le Hodh (Mau- rıtanie). 1 vol., 160 p., 52 ph., 1 carte h.—t., Centre Federal de Recherches Zootechniques, Bamako-Sotuba et I.E.M.V.T., Alfort, Seine (1961).
MosnıER, M., Päturages naturels saheliens : Region de Kaedi (Mauritanie). 1 vol. mime£ogr., 169 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/200.000e en 2 feuilles, Kaedi-M’bout, Geotechnip et I.E.M.V.T., Maisons-Alfort, Seine (1961— 1963).
— — Etude agrostologique des fermes du Service de l’Agriculture de la Republique du Tchad. 1 vol. mim£ogr., 80 p., 1.E.M.V.T., Maisons-Alfort (Seine) (1963).
PEYRE DE FABREGUES, B., Etude des päturages naturels saheliens — Ranch du Nord- Sanam (Rep. du Niger). 1 vol. mim&ogr., 132 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/100.000e, Geotechnip (1963) [1964].
BoupET, G., Päturages et plantes fourrageres en Republique de Cöte d’Ivoire. 1 vol. mime£ogr., 102 p. (1963).
— — Etude et cartographie des päturages du ranch de Toumodi (Republique de Cöte d’Ivoire). 1 fasc. mime&ogr., 20 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/25.000e, Geo- technip (1963).
87
Aupru, J., et BOuDET, G., Päturages de la zone Sud de la Republique Centrafricaine. 1 vol. mimeogr., 213 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/50.000e (1964).
Bırıe, J.-C., Päturages du secteur occidental d’elevage de la Republique Centrafri- caine. 1 vol. mime&ogr., 286 p. + 2 cartes couleurs 1/200.000e (1964) et 1/25.000e.
PEYRE DE FABr&Guss, B., Etude des päturages naturels saheliens de la region de Nord- Goure (Republique du Niger). 1 vol. mim&ogr., 163 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/100.000e (1965).
Gaston, A., et coll., Etude agrostologique n® 11. Etude agrostologique du Kanem (Republique du Tchad). 1 vol. mim£ogr., 176 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/400.000e, 1.E.M.V.T., 94 Maisons-Alfort (1966).
PEYRE DE FABREGUES, B., Les cactees fourrageres dans le Nord-Est bresilien. 1 fasc. mime£ogr., 80 p. (1966).
Forıus, G., VALENZA J., et coll., Etude agrostologique n® 13. Etude des päturages na- turels du Ferlo oriental (Republique du Senegal). 1 vol. mim£ogr., 180 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/200.000e (Geotechnip) (1966).
BoupET, G., et coll., Etude agrostologique n® 14. Etude agrostologique du ranch de Sipilou (Republique de Cöte d’Ivoire). 1 vol. mim£ogr., 150 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/25.000e (1966).
Aupru, J., et coll., Etude agrostologique n® 15. Etude des päturages naturels et des problemes pastoraux dans le delta du Senegal. Definition d’une politique de l’elevage, t. 1. Description du milieu, 1 vol. mime&ogr. 180 p., t. 2. Politique de l’elevage, 1 vol. mimeogr., p. 185—359 + 1 carte couleurs 1/100.000e (1966).
— — et coll., Etude agrostologique n°® 16. Ensembles pastoraux du Logone et du Moyen Chari (Republique du Tchad). 1 vol. mim£ogr., 210 p. + 1 carte cou- leurs 1/400 000e (1966).
PEYRE DE FABREGUES, B., et coll. Etude agrostologique des päturages de la zone noma- de de Zinder. 1 vol. mim£&ogr., 188 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/500 000e (1967).
Mosniıer, M., et coll., Etude agrostologique n® 18. Les päturages naturels de la region de Gallayel (Republique du Senegal). 1 vol. mim£ogr., 137 p. + 1 carte cou- leurs 1/100.000e (1967) (1968).
Gaston, A., et coll. Etude agrostologique n® 19. Etude agrostologique du Kanem. Prefecture du Kanem au Sud du 16e parallele et prefecture du Lac, 1 vol. mimeogr. 147 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/500 000e (1967).
— — et coll. Etude agrostologique n® 20. Etude agrostologique des päturages de la zone de transhumance de l’Ouadi-Haddad (Tchad). 1 fasc. mim£ogr., 64 p. + 1 carte noir et blanc 1/500.000e (1967).
BıLıe, J. C., et coll. Etude agrostologique n® 21. Experimentation agrostologique en Republique centrafricaine. 1 vol. mim£ogr., 246 p. (1967).
— — Etude agrostologique n° 22. Note sur les stations d’elevage de la Republique Centrafricaine. 1 fasc. mim&ogr., 31 p. (1967).
DıarLo, A. K., et coll. Etude agrostologique n® 23. Päturages naturels du « Ferlo- Sud» (Republique du Senegal). 1 vol. mim&ogr., 173 p. + 1 carte couleurs 1/200.000e (1968).
Bırıe, J. C., et coll. Etude agrostologique n® 24. Etude agrostologique des päturages de la region des savanes (R&publique du Togo). 1 vol. mimeogr., 108 p. + 1 carte noir et blanc 1/65.000e h.—t. (1968) + 1 carte couleurs en 7 feuilles (BDPA).
88
DELHAYE, R., et coll. Etude agrostologique n® 25. Etude de päturages naturels de Madagascar en vue de l’amenagement de zones d’embouche pour bovins. 1 carton de 10 fasc. mim&ogr. + 8 cartes couleurs 1/50.000 (1968).
BouDpET, G., et coll. Etude agrostologique n® 26. projet de mise en valeur du Dallol- Maouri (Rep. du Niger). Etude des päturages naturels. 1 vol. mim£ogr., 308 p- av. 1 pl. ph. h.—t. + 1 carte couleurs 1/200.000e (1969).
— — et coll. Etude agrostologique n® 27. Päturages naturels de haute et moyenne Casamance (Republique du Senegal). 1 vol. mim&ogr., 240 p. av. 1 pl. ph. h.—t. + 1 carte couleurs 1/200.000e en 2 feuilles (1970).
PEYRE DE FABREGUESs, B. Etude agrostologique n® 28. Päturages naturels sah&liens du Sud Tamesna (R£publique du Niger). 1 vol. mim&ogr., 200 p. + 1 carte cou- leurs 1/500.000e (1970).
ETUDES BOTANIQUES DE L’L.E.M.V.T.
Jacquzs-F£Lıx, H., et LEsrun, J.-P. Graminees nouvelles ou peu connues d’Afrique tropicale. Journ. d’Agric. tropic. bot. appliq. 13 : 39—55, av. 5 fig. (1966).
Aupru, J. Note Ecologique sur /schaemum amethystinum ]J.-P. Lesrun, ibidem : 56-58 (1966).
LEBRUN, J.-P., et PEYRE DE FABREGUEs, B. Plantes rares ou interessantes de la Repu- blique du Niger. Adansonia, ser. 2, 7 : 391—398, av. 1 carte (1967).
— — et Forıus, G. Plantes nouvelles ou interessantes pour la flore de la R£publi- que du Senegal. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 114 : 211—220 (1967).
— — Localites nouvelles de plantes vasculaires d’Afrique tropicale — I, Ibidem, 115 : 245—250 (1968).
PEYRE DE FABREGUES, B., et LEBRUN, J.-P. Plantes rares ou interessantes de la Repu- blique du Niger — II. Adansonia, ser. 2, 9 : 157—168, av. 3 cartes (1969).
LEBRUN, J.-P. Un Eragrostis nouveau d’Afrique tropicale. Ibidem, ser. 2, 9 : 567 — 569, av. 1 pl. (1969).
— — Un Polycarpaea nouveau d’Afrique tropicale. Ibidem, ser. 2, 10 : 135—137, av. 1 pl. (1970).
— — Contribution ä la connaissance de la flore de la Republique du Senegal et bibliographie botanique senegalaise (1941—1969). Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 116: 249—277, av. 3 cartes (1969).
— — Localites nouvelles et chorologie de plantes vasculaires d’Afrique tropicale — II. Ibidem, 116 : 367—375, av. 6 cartes (1970).
— — AUDRUL, J., GASTON, A., et MosNIER, M. Essai de catalogue des plantes vascu- laires du Tchad me£ridional (sous presse).
LISTE DES TAXONS ET BINOMES NOUVEAUX
1. Digitaria tisserantii JacQ.-FEL., Journ. Agric. Trop. Bot. appl. 13, 40, fig. 1 et 2 (1966).
2. Ischaemum amethystinum LEBrun, Ibid. 13 : 44, fig. 3 et 4.
3. Aristida cumingiana Trın. et Rupr. var. diminuta (Mez) JacQ.-F£r., Ibid. 13 : 51 et fig. 5 (comb. superf.).
39
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fh je
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90
. Hyperthelia colobantha CLayTon, Kew Bull., 20 : 439 et fig. 2 (1966). . Hyperthelia polychaeta CLayTon, Ibid., 20 : 441 et fig. 3.
. Aponogeton troupini J. RAYNAL, Adansonia, ser. 2, 6 : 153 et pl. 1.
. Scleria glabra Böck. var. pallidior J. Raynaı, Ibid., 7 : 244 (1967).
. Aponogeton fotianus J. RAyNaı, Ibid., 9 : 551 et pl. 1 (1969).
. Eragrostis raynalıana LEBRUN, Ibid., 9 : 567 et pl. 1.
. Pycreus pagotii J. RaynaL, Kew Bull., 23 : 314.
. Polycarpaea billei Lesrun, Adansonia, ser. 2, 10 : 135 et pl. 1 (1970).
LISTE DES CARTES DE REPARTITIONS DE PHANEROGAMES PRESENTES EN AFRIQUE
. Dicoma capensis Less., Adansonia, ser. 2, 9 : 161 (1969).
. Rhynchospora holoschoenoides (L. C. RıcH.) HERTER, Ibid. : 164. . Scleria lacustris WRIGHT ex SAUVALLE, Ibid. : 165.
. Eragrostis dumasiana A. CHev., Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 116 : 261 (1969). . Eragrostis lingulata CıayTon, Ibid. 116 : 261 (1969).
. Aldrovanda vesiculosa L., Ibid. 116 : 368 (1969).
. Entolasia olivacea STAPF, Ibid. 116 : 369 (1969).
. Ischaemum amethystinum LEBrun, Ibid. 116 : 370 (1969).
. Aeschynomene tambacoundensis BERTH., Ibid. 116 : 372 (1969).
. Monochoria brevipetiolata Vervc., Ibid. 116 : 373 (1969).
. Trapa natans L., Ibid. 116 : 374 (1969).
. Geigeria acaulıs, Vlleme assemblee AETFAT
. Tephrosia plicata, VIleme assemblee AETFAT
. Triraphis pumilio, VIleme assemblee AETFAT
. Kohautia aspera, VIleme assemblee AETFAT
. Indigofera disjuncta, Vlleme assemblee AETFAT
. Blumea gariepina, Vlleme assemblee AETFAT
. Tribulocarpus dımorphanthus, VIleme assembl&ee AETFAT
Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 91—112 1412-1971
THE TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL BASIS OF CHOROLOGY
F. WHLIE
Taxonomy, ecology and chorology are interdependent and should al- ways be studied together. If the subject of this paper had been “The ecological and chorological basis of taxonomy” its contents might not have been very different.
I shall first state and discuss three general principles or aphorisms which I thınk are basıc. These will be followed by two chorological aphorisms, which apply particularly to the situation in Africa. I shall illustrate these aphorisms with examples from my own recent work. The latter will only be briefly discussed, since they have been, or will be, more fully treated in a series of publications on the Ebenaceae (WHITE 1957, 1962, 1969) or in a recently completed work on The evergreen forests of Malawi (CHAPMAN & WHITE 1970).
The family Ebenaceae has certain advantages in general studies of this kind, since most species are habitually dioecious. This means that compli- cations due to inbreeding or apomixis are, respectively, impossible or unlikely to occur.
Some of the ideas put forward in this paper have arısen from attempts to relate the results of my own detailed studies to the patterns shown by the vegetation types on the new AETFAT/UNESCO Vegetation map of Africa (WHITE [ed.] in press). During the compilation of this I have had the unique advantage of friendly collaboration with a wide range of specialists, most of whom belong to our Association. Their collective experience covers the whole of Africa. Here I should like to express my warmest appreciation for their assıstance.
I am sure that some of you already accept these aphorisms as selfevident truths. Since, however, only casual contact with recent literature is suffi- cient to show that their acceptance is far from universal, I hope you will forgive me if I sometimes appear to be stating the obvious.
Biogeography has two main aspects — descriptive, or static, which is based on accurate knowledge of present-day plant distributions, and historic, or dynamic, which attempts to explain present-day distributions in terms of historic events — chiefly climatic, geological, migrational and evolutionary.
In his masterly account of the history of the British flora, Gopwin (1956) has shown that, for the British Isles at least, more than a century ago,
91
distributional data were sufficiently completely known for brilliant hypo- theses to be expounded (Forses 1846) to account for the discontinuous distribution of certain species, such as those of the Arctic-alpine element.
Since then the essential character of evidence from distributional data has not greatly altered, but “what has altered very greatly has been our knowledge of the whole background of climatic and geological changes through the Pleistocene period... Biogeographic hypotheses have mul- tiplied to keep pace with our knowledge of this climatic-geological history of the last one million years: warmth-demanding species are explained as having immigrated in the Post-glacial climatic optimum. [Examples of other hypotheses are also given]... There is nothing inherently improbable about this kind of explanation, and indeed it may very well be along such lines that our final theory will shape itself; what is lacking is any positive evidence, as opposed to the purely circumstantial evidence, that a given hypothesis does apply to a given species, and that a given species was indeed present in these islands at the periods demanded by the hypothetical ex- planation.” The greater part of Gopwın’s book is devoted to providing such evidence.
For Africa the situation is much more complex than that described by Gopwin for the British Isle. Not only is the flora infinitely richer, but our knowledge of present-day distributions and past climatic and geological events is much more sketchy. Nevertheless there are indications that histori- cal plant geography in Africa is about to enter a vigorous and fruitful phase.
Every careful taxonomic or chorological study of African species reveals variation or distribution patterns which demand historical explanat- ions. We already know sufficient of Pleistocene (and earlier) climatic and geological changes to realize that their repercussions on plant distributions and taxonomic relationships must have been considerable. It is not yet possible, however, to explain contemporary variation or chorological pat- terns in terms of specific historic events, but recent palaeobotanical studies (e. g. HEpBERG 1954; CoETZEE 1967; LivinGstonE 1967; MoRrRISoN 1968; Muıter 1970) indicate that this may not always be so.
In the meantime we must proceed inductively. Hypotheses should be used as an aid to the interpretation of observed facts and as an incentive to further investigation, not as starting points. Patterns of plant distribution, taxonomic relationships and ecological requirements, when detected, should show palaeobotanists what to look for, and help them to interpret their discoveries.
It may be that the history of the African flora has been too complex and the preserved historic evidence may be too incomplete to permit inter- pretations comparable to those which have been achieved for the North temperate flora. Even if that were so, and it ıs by no means certain, I am convinced that if the interdependence of chorology, taxonomy and ecology is recognized, much of outstanding interest will be discovered.
92
GENERAL APHORISMS
1. Taxonomy, chorology and ecology are interdependent. Each, in isolation, is a sterile pursnit. Unless their reciprocal relationships are ex- ploited, significant patterns remain undetected.
The examples discussed below should demonstrate the truth of this aphorism.
2. Detection of pattern requires rigorous objective analysis. What is compared must be truly comparable. Communication depends on effective display of the evidence.
Taxonomists working with higher organisms, particularly in the early stages of their work, are able to do much pattern analysis ‘by eye’, because of the remarkable ability of the human brain, at least in some individuals, to remember and subconsciously compare large numbers of visual impressions.
Most taxonomy (and also much chorology and ecology) would be both prohibitively time-consuming and deadly dull if it were not possible to detect patterns, at least tentatively, by using what Ananson and Burrr have called ‘perception’ (see BurT'T 1965, p. 428). There ıs, however, a temptation for taxonomists to assume, without making adequate tests, that their powers of perception are sufficiently well-developed to deal with all variation patterns they encounter, however complex.
In my own experience the geographical patterns of variation shown by most widespread and variable species are too complicated to be understood or satisfactorily described without the use of special methods of analysis.
Since the publication of AnDERsoN’s book on Introgressive hybridization (AnDERSoN 1949), several taxonomists working on the African flora (e. g. DuvIiGnEAUD, MARLIER & DEwır 1952; HEeDBERG 1955, 1957; WHıtE 1957, 1962) have realized that the methods AnDErson devized primarily for analysıng and displaying the variation patterns of populations could equally well be used for analysing and depicting the variation patterns and relation- ships of species using herbarıum samples.
In the application of Andersonian techniques to herbarium taxonomy the first stage is the preparation of an ideograph for each specimen. On a separate card or slip of paper the features being investigated are recorded as simply as possible, by symbols or measurements, together with a record of locality and collector’s name and number and any other information with which variation may be correlated. Any significant pattern which emerges from a study of the ideographs can be visually displayed using various methods, of which the pictorialized scatter diagram (fig. 2) and pictorialized distribution map (figs. 1, 3, 4) are the most useful. When this is done, the reader can see for himself the evidence on which taxonomic decisions and statements about patterns of variation have been based. If the ideographs are filed in the herbarium, they will provide a permanent record of the complete study and not just of those characters used in the published account.
It must be realized, however, that Andersonian methods can be serious-
3
ly misapplied unless they are used intelligently, and special checks are taken to ensure accuracy and objectivity. The first requirement is that, what is being compared should be truly comparable. In scoring leaf-shape and size, for instance, useful comparisons can only be made if the material is at the same stage of development and comes from the same part of the plant; this usually means using only flowering and fruiting specimens, and not using the former if the flowers are produced before the leaves are fully developed. On a typical shoot, leaf-shape and size varıes according to position of insertion on the branchlet, and comparisons must be made between leaves from comparable positions in the ““leaf spectrum’ (see MELvILLE 1953). For practi- cal purposes, however, I have found that in most cases satisfactory and repeatable (using comparable subsequent samples) results can often be ob- tained if the largest leaf on each specimen is scored. In Podocarpus, for in- stance, sufficiently similar results are obtained if the longest leaf, the mean of the 3 longest leaves and a leaf from a defined position in the leaf spectrum are used (WHITE & CAvEney, unpublished). The above remarks may seem obvious, but methods which at first sıght appear to be sound and objective are sometimes found to be seriously misleading.
Two species may be quite distinct in leaflet-shape when comparable leaflets (e. g. the ante-penultimate) are compared. If, however, the leaf spectra are compared there may be a very great overlap. In this case if, say, “three leaflets per specimen chosen at random’ (I quote from a recent pub- lication) are scored, the discontinuity in the variation pattern could be completely lost. This is only one of the many misapplications of statistics in biology.
A second requirement is that ıt should be possible for character states to be consistently scored in the same way by different workers, using the same material, or by the same worker on subsequent occasions. Fig. 3 ıs based on ideographs for which Mrs. CavEney and I recorded one of three character states for four characters of Diospyros whyteana. "The same material was subsequently scored by a research student who has worked with Asiatic
Fig. 1. Pictorialized distribution map of Diospyros monbuttensis and D. se- nensis, showing main similarities and differences, and maximum, minimum and mean calyx-, acumen- and leaf-lengths based on all material studied. D. monbuttensis: A, leaf (Vıcne 1897); B, leaf (Lesrun 3183); C, indumentum of lower leaf-surface (Lesrun 3183); D, flower-bud (Jonunston 87/32); E, peduncle and pedicels of & inflorescence (LEBRUN 3183); F, fruit (Lyon 2640). D. senensis: G, leaf (WHITE 2963); H, leaves (LOvEMoORE 182); I, leaf (BanpA 39); J, indumentum of lower leaf-survace (TorRE 6081); K, flower-bud (LovEmorE 230); L, peduncle and pedicels of 5 in- florescence (TorRE 6081); M, fruit (BanpA 31). T. 1. Type locality of D. mon- buttensis; T. 2. Type locality of D. senensis.
(Leaves X 0.4, flowers X 2.4, peduncles etc. X 2, indumentum X 8, fruits X 0.8).
94
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Ebenaceae but does not know the African species, and a technician with no previous experience of botany. The research student’s results were 94%/u con- cordant with the first results and the technician’s results were 91°/o concord- ant. The only discrepancies between the three sets of results concerned certain intermediate and essentially border-line character states where dis- cordance can be most expected, and were so slight as not to affect any con- clusions which could be drawn from the study.
Monbuttensis
15 10 Leaf EZ Lorg Snort No Acumen Acumen Acumen Indumentum D (®) Appressed Spreading (6) - Peduncle Sparsely Densely Tomentose & Pubescent Pubeccent 5 10 15 20 M = Mean Calyx length in mms.
Fig.2. Diospyros monbuttensis and D. senensis. Pictorialized scatter diagram showing correlation between maximum leaf-length (vertical axis), maximum length of calyx (horizontal axis), maximum length of leaf acumen, quality of indumentum on leaves, and density of indumentum on peduncle. The symbols are explained concisely by the key in the bottom right-hand corner and more fully by WHITE (1957, pp. 524—9). All specimens from north of the Equator lie to the right of the broken line, and those from South Tropical Africa to the left. The uppermost symbol for D. senensis may be abnormal (see WHıtE 1957). M and M indicate the combined mean values of maximum leaf-length and maximum calyx-length for D. senensis and D. monbuttensis respectively.
96
Accurate scoring of qualitative character states is only possible if the specimen being scored is compared with a “standard” which covers the whole range of each character state. In fig. 4 drawings H and I define the range covered by the character state “slightiy pubescent”; in a similar way KandL illustrate “densely pubescent”; the intermediate state falls between I and K and is not illustrated.
Andersonian techniques depict complicated variation patterns with economy and clarity. Pictorialized distribution maps published before a study is complete may effectively communicate existing knowledge to those who can assist in its completion. If, however, it is claimed that a pictorial- ized distribution map accurately represents the situation ‘on the ground’, steps must be taken to show that this is indeed so. Our work in Oxford (still largely unpublished) shows that for many woody species which are not too difficult to collect, there is more than enough herbarıum material to establish the major features of both distribution and variation patterns. Here I can only refer to one published example. In 1962 I published two illustrations (reproduced here as figs. 1 and 2), which show the distributions of and summarize the main differences between the two closely related species Diospyros monbuttensis and D. senensis. "The 1962 illustrations were based on 43 Elite specimens of D. monbuttensis and 30 of D. senensis. By 1969, a further 38 specimens of D. monbuttensis and 37 specimens of D. senensis had become available. All come from localities within or im- mediately adjacent to the distributions previously established, and, apart from one or two trifling measurements, the ranges of variation for all charac- ters selected fell within those of the first samples; the mean values are almost identical (see WHITE 1969). The situation discussed above is relatively simple, but we have evidence that the same is true for much more compli- cated patterns such as that illustrated by fig. 4 for Euclea natalensis and by fig. 3 for Diospyros whyteana. Similarly for many other species of Euclea (WHITE and CAvENEY, unpublished) and Diospyros sectio Royena (CAVENEY, unpublished). For these species hundreds of specimens are involved.
What I have said for taxonomy is equally true of chorology though the methods are different.
According to LEONARD (1965) the delimitation of phytogeographical territories should be based on several criteria — principally the aspect of the terrain, which itself depends on the ecological conditions and the phy- siognomy of the vegetation as well as on floristics, that is on considerations based on geographical distribution of species. In emphasizing aspect LEONARD is underlining the fact that, in the early stages of chorology, per- ception plays as important a part as it does in the early stage of taxonomy. In both cases the tentative conclusions based largely on visual comparison and memory are valuable, but further progress is dependent on more rigorous methods.
Progress in chorology depends on an accurate knowledge of the dis- trıbution of species combined with a knowledge of their taxonomic re-
3%
lationships and ecology. In chorology we may either study the flora of a chorological territory in order to define its boundaries more precisely, or, by analysing its genetic elements we may shed light on its history, or we may analyse the flora of a restricted area in order to discover to which choro- logical territory it belongs. But whatever we do, it is more useful to base one’s analyses, in the first instance, on the dominant species of the most cha- racteristic vegetation types and subsequently to study other well-defined ecological elements separately, rather than to attempt a single composite analysis of the whole flora. If the latter is done the distinctive pattern shown by the different ecological elements will be lost in a mass of statistics. MoRrEAU (1966) reached a similar conclusion for the birds of Africa — “much is lost if a bird fauna is dealt with en bloc’. He shows that if a bird fauna is divided into groups which are broadly ecological as well as taxonomic, the comparisons revealed are enlightening in point after point, and that in the varıous analyses significant differences are obtained.
My own preliminary analysıs of the Sudano-Zambezian Region (WHITE 1965) was confined to 426 tree species more than 5 m tall. The first stage of my analysıs of the Afro-montane Region (CHAPMAN & WHITE 1970) is based on the 196 species that normally or frequently exceed 8 m in height and grow in the evergreen forests of Malawi. In dealing with such a small num- ber of species it is possible to learn sufficient of their chorology, taxonomy and ecology to detect significant inter-relationships. "These could not emerge from an, of necessity, superficial study of an entire flora.
3. Taxonomic, chorological and ecological patterns are usually irregu- lar. Nevertheless they are historically significant.
If, in the evolution of organısms, change had always been divergent, and if in all lineages all characters had evolved at the same rate, taxonomy would be easy. There could only be a single unequivocal natural classi- fication. It would also be a perfect mirror image of the evolutionary tree. Evolution, however, has been more complex than this and taxonomy and the evolutionary interpretation of taxonomic systems are often difficult.
Siımilarly for the distribution of plants. If the world’s climate had remained unchanged, or had changed only slowly and in a regular manner, since, for instance, the origin of the Angiosperms, and if migration and speciation had taken place in a correspondingly regular manner, then it would be a relatively simple matter to use the facts of present-day distri- butions to interpret the course of past migrations. As we learn more of the dramatic and complex changes which have affected most, if not all, of the world’s surface throughout the Pleistocene, it becomes increasingly difficult to believe that the relationship between the facts of plant distribution and historic events giving rise to them, can be other than complex.
If it is true that the evolutionary history and the Pleistocene migration- al history of most plants have been complex, we should abandon assumptions and speculations which fail to take this complexity sufficiently into account. Similarly, our methodologies must be capable of accommodating, without
98
undue distortion, the complex patterns of variation and distribution we may expect.
Much of our recent literature, however, reveals that certain widely held assumptions and frequently expressed hypotheses and certain widely pract- ised methodologies are only consistent with the belief that evolution of species and past climatic and physiographic changes have been simpler and more regular than the known facts warrant.
Unwarranted assumptions
1) The centre of variation is the centre of origin.
There has been so much climatic and physiographic change since the origin of so many genera of flowering plants, that the phytochoria to which they belong would have been destroyed if they had not migrated, often for considerable distances. What is known of Pleistocene climatic change in Af- rıca has been ably summarized by MoRrEAU (1966). Even if the situation described by MorEAU is only partly true, the great bands of vegetation of Africa must have changed their positions several times and undergone great changes of relative area.
To me it is inconceivable that the centre of origin of any taxon or of any genetic element can be deduced from contemporary patterns, whether taxonomic or chorological, if we define centre of origin in a precise topo- graphic sense. If, however, we accept that the great phytochoria have un- dergone migration then the historico-geographical methods, developed in particular by Wurrr (1943), may still be useful provided they are used intel- ligently.
To give some examples from the Ebenaceae. Diospyros monbuttensis (fig. 1) occupies a narrow belt of seasonal rain forest along the northern fringe of the great Guineo-Congolian rain forest region. D. senensis occurs on the other side of Africa in deciduous thicket or dry forest in the lowlying valley of the Zambezi and its tributaries towards the southern limit of the Sudano-Zambezian Region. Their ranges are separated by an interval of 2.200 km. Although the claims of these two taxa to specific rank are well substantiated, they are so closely related that they have been confused by competent taxonomists in the past. The hypothesis which best explains their close relationship is that at some time in the past (possibly in the Pleistocene) an ancestral species had a range which included the interval which separates the daughter species today.
The overwhelming majority of African species of Diospyros are con- fined to the Guineo-Congolian forests (WHITE 1962) and many of these have no close relatives in the other phytochoria. On the other hand, most species occurring outside the Guineo-Congolian Region have close relatives within it. This suggests that the ancestors of species like D. senensis belonged to a phytochorion similar to that which includes D. monbuttensis today, rather
99
than the converse, but it does not mean that the ancestral species were situated in that part of Africa occupied by Guineo-Congolian forest today at the point in time (if there was a definable point in time) when D. senensis first originated as a species.
Similarly it is shown further on that one of the Afro-montane genetic elements consists of species which are very closely related to lowland species of the Guineo-Congolian Region. It is in no way implied that this element has achieved its present-day distribution by a single simple migration accompanied by specific differentiation from that part of Africa occupied by the Guineo-Congolian Region today.
One must also interpret taxonomic patterns with care. It is sometimes claimed that the centre of origin corresponds to the centre of maximum variation — either where a species is most polymorphic or the genus has most species (TurrıLr 1939, 1964). Fig. 3 shows the geographical pattern of four characters D. whyteana. The total range comprises a northern and a southern area of uniformity and a central area of extreme diversity, in which, however, most individuals are intermediate (for the four characters considered) between the northern and southern forms. This might suggest the recent contact of two previously ısolated taxa, but in view of the large size of the area of diversity and its great complexity, simple deductive reasoning in our present state of knowledge, would be most unwise. When more species with similar distributions to D. whyteana have been studied in the same way, we might be on firmer ground. When Andersonian methods of presentation are used, geographical patterns of variation which demand historical explanations forcibly present themselves. If similar patterns occur in different taxonomic groups it ıs more likely that the same extrinsic historical factors are responsible.
Let us now consider the genus Euclea. The Ebenaceae consists of two genera — the pan-tropical Diospyros with about 400 species, most of which occur in lowland rain forest, and Euclea with 13 species confined to East and Southern Africa. Of these 13 species, 5 are widespread and 8 have very restricted distributions.. Of the widespread species, 3, E.divinorum, E. schimperi and E. natalensis (fig. 4) occur extensively in East and South tropi- cal Africa and to varying degrees extend into extra-tropical South Africa. The remaining widespread species, E. crispa and E. undulata are wıdespread in South Africa but also occur in South tropical Africa.
Fig. 3. Diospyros whyteana. Pictorialized distribution map showing variation in 1) leaf-apex, 2) leaf-base, 3) indumentum of calyx and 4) degree of lobing of the calyx. The three character states of characters 1—3 are illustrated. The bottom right-hand corner of the circle refers to character 4; if it is left white the ratio of calyx lobes to calyx length is less than 0.25; half black = 0.25—0.4; completely blak = > 0.4.
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LEAF APEX
Subacuminate Narrowly acute Broadly acute
S)
LEAF BASE
© Cordate Many long
spreading
Few short
spreading
©
Indeterminate Non-cordate
Appressed
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The 8 geographically restricted species are confined to small parts of South Africa, or in two cases also have outlying stations north of the Tropic of Capricorn.
Taking the genus as a whole the greatest concentration of species is in a narrow peripheral band of South Africa extending from the Cunene River to Natal. Within this area every species occurs, and it might be assumed that the genus originated there, but on other grounds this is most unlikely.
First, the 5 widespread species are essentially intruders into this coastal band, and have the greater part of their ranges further inland and further north. Each of the widespread species is very varıable. Some features of the variation of one widespread species, E.natalensis, are shown in fig. 4 E. natalensis is more variable than some older and more conservative tax- onomists would normally allow, but if we apply HEDBERG’s axiom (1955) — “for specific distinction we demand correlated discontinuous variation in more than one character” — E. natalensis at the species level, is indivisible. The variation pattern of E. natalensis is such that only a relatively small amount of extinction could convert it into a “super-species” of 6 closely related allopatric species, each as distinct as any of the 8 species of restricted distribution. The northern tropical part of the range of Euclea must be in- finitely richer in biotypes than the peripheral South African coastal part, though this is not reflected in the number of species. The fact that the northern species are widespread and varıable and the southern endemics are so geographically restricted and invariable is of great chorological interest but its significance is lost ıf facıle deductions about centres of origin are made. A northern rather than a southern origin for Euclea is also con- cordant with other evidence, but this cannot be discussed here.
2) Mountains on the continents are as geographically isolated as oceanic islands.
This assumption is rarely made explicit, but it must have provided the motive for much botanical exploration in the past, and the, perhaps barely conscious, justification for the description of many ‘endemic’ species. Isolated mountains might be expected to have endemic floras comparable to those of oceanic islands, if the geographical position of the great phytochoria had
Fig. 4. Euclea natalensis. Pictorialized distribution map showing variation in leaf-shape and size, and indumentum of the lower leaf-surface. A. ErLior 875 from Kenya. B. Warp 1413 from Natal. C. MEEusE 9762 from the Eastern Cape. D. Acocks 14169 from the Western Cape. E. GosswEILEr 12677 from Angola. F. YALALA 178 from Botswana. G. GREENHOW 49/51 from Rhodesia. H. SemsEı 2251 from Tanzania. I. TorRE 3932 from Mogambique. K. Copp 2898 from the Transvaal. L. GosswEıLER 12703 from Angola.
Leaves X 1. Indumentum X 35.
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si
indumentum of intermediate de
e
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been stable and if the mountains themselves were ancient. But most of the African mountains are not very old, and those Pleistocene clımatic changes which can be inferred to have taken place are generally regarded as being sufficiently large to have broken down their isolation in many cases, at least for large parts of the Afro-montane flora (see HEDBERG 1969). This is not the place to discuss the origin and history of the Afro-montane flora. The subject is complex and many problems remain. The latter will only be solved by a cautious, inductive approach in which the different genetical and ecological elements are studied separately. If the results of these separate studies point in the same direction, confidence in their interpretation will be increased. Discordant results will raise new problems, the interpretation of which should be equally significant.
For the Afro-alpine flora, endemism on the African mountains has been discussed by HEDBERG (1969) based on his own fine series of earlier taxonomic and ecological studies. The Afro-montane flora which is much richer and diversified than the Afro-alpine, and so presents a more formidable problem, has not yet been studied as thoroughly. There are some indications that, among herbs and small woody plants, especially at higher altitudes, a moderate degree of endemism and vicarıısm may exist (WıLp (1964). My own work on tree species occurring in the Afro-montane forests of Malawi, suggests that both endemism and vicariism in this element is very slight. In Malawi 60 species (68°/o) of the larger trees occurring in the submontane and montane forests are endemic to the Afro-montane Region. But of these, apart from the doubtful case of Dasylepis burtt-davyi, none is endemic to a single mountain, nor indeed endemic to Malawi.
Unwarranted methodologies
1) The hierarchical subdivision of species.
As is implied in the discussion above, if evolution had always been regular and divergent, we could expect geographical variation patterns to be sufficiently well-defined to provide the basis for the objective delimitation of infra-specific taxa. There is no evidence that this regularity occurs in wide- spread and variable species, and hence no justification for the elaboration of complicated hierarchical systems such as that proposed for Dichrostachys cinerea by BRENAn & BrumMITT (1965). If the characters vary inde- pendently, even though the variation of each character taken separately may show significant geographical trends, it is impossible to establish a single ob- jective system which best accommodates the facts. A large number of alternative systems are possible and the choice between them is purely arbitrary. This can easily be demonstrated for Euclea natalensis (fig. 4). The geographical pattern of variation is insufficiently precise to allow the recognition of more than one species, but variation in several characters follows definite geographic trends. Leafshape ıs very variable, but 6 main
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regional types occur. The leaves of about 90%/o of the specimens from any of the six areas shown on the map resemble the particular leaf illustrated as representative of that area more closely than they resemble any of the other leaves shown in fig. 4. Those leaves which do not conform in this way, usually resemble the leaf illustrated for a contiguous region. This particular pattern could justify the recognition of 6 more or less allopatric subspecies, but the precise location of the boundaries between them would be arbitrary, since intergradation occurs. Furthermore, it could be claimed that leaves A, B, and C, and D and E, and F and G are sufficiently similar to justify the creation of only 3 subspecies. The other characters are not sufficiently correlated with leaf-shape to help us decide. Although leaves D and E are somewhat similar, their associated inflorescences are very different and represent the extremes found in the species. Other considerations might suggest a different treatment. Of the 6 potential subspecies, that character- ized by leaf A is the most constant, not only in leaf-shape but also in in- dumentum and inflorescence (not shown in fig. 4). It could be argued that this justifies the recognition of only 2 subspecies, one based on leafshape A, which is monotypic, and the other comprising the essentially hairy remain- der. The latter could be subdivided into varieties based on leaf-shape. This bewildering array of possibilities would be greatly increased if other charac- ters such as pedicel length and flower size were also taken into account.
I believe that the pattern of varıation shown by E. natalensis is histor- ically meaningful, and that some day it might be possible to explain it. In the meantime it is important in any chorological discussion involving E. na- talensis, for the nature of its variability to be taken into account. I fail to see how the facts of varıation presented in fig. 4 could be better expressed by the creation of infra-specific taxa. The creation of such taxa before the basic facts are displayed in this way, is both scientifically unjustified and, as a means of conveying information, quite inappropriate. The authors of the Dichrostachys paper claim that the infra-specific taxa they recognize are primarily geographical, but of the 14 subspecies and varieties which occur ın Africa, 12 have ranges which are wholly or partly sympatric with the wide- spread variety africana. It is a pity that the complicated pattern on which this elaborate system is based was not displayed using Andersonian methods, so that it could be compared with the patterns of other species with similar distributions. Formal hierarchical classifications, because of their subjective nature hinder rather than facilitate such comparisons.
Since the units of hierarchical infra-specific classifications are so sub- jective, they should not be included in floras unless it can be shown that there is a definite need. To subdivide variable species in this way and, as is done in some floras, only give information concerning distribution and ecology under the infra-specific taxa, and not for the species as a whole, implies a negation of the biological nature of the species.
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2) The hierarchical subdivision of phytochoria.
Ever since HumsoLpTr (1807, 1816) discovered that areas occupied by plant species conform to more or less definite patterns, botanists have tried to use the facts of distribution to divide the face of the earth into mutually ex- clusive territories or phytochoria, based on their degrees of similarity and difference. For Africa several more or less static hierarchical systems have been proposed. In recent years the following categories have been most frequently used — region, domain, sector, subsector, district and subdistrict.
In my opinion the major phytochoria of Africa — the 9 chorological Regions, based on the work of Legrun (1947), Monop (1957) and WHITE
Tropic of Cancer
THE PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF AFRICA
I Mediterranean
I Sahoro- Sindian
II Sudono- Zambeziar
s = Sudanian Domcin
o = Oriental Domain sa= Sahelıan extension of
Orienlal Domoin z = Zombezian Domaoin IY Gwireo- Congolian UsZ= Usombara-Zululond
omain. Y Korroo Namib YI Cope YII Afro-alpine (nof shown)
Fig. 5. Map of Africa showing phytogeographical Regions.
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(1965), and shown on fig. 5, are sufficiently well-defined to provide a stable and useful frame of reference. Some of them can be profitably subdivided into Domains. Further subdivision, however, is mostly unwarranted, and can be rejected on theoretical and practical grounds. This is discussed in the section on chorological aphorisms.
Unwarranted speculations
This is not the place to discuss the part that can be played by speculation in the development of ideas. One cannot, however, fail to be struck by the frequency with which taxonomists, in their published accounts of difficult groups, produce speculative explanations of the situations they describe and sometimes invoke them as justifications for the particular taxonomic treat- ments offered. Again and again, it is suggested that hybridity, “ancient” hybridity, introgression, polyploidy, apomixis, polytopy or cliınal variation is the cause of the particular varıation pattern discussed. It seems to me that the reason why these facıle and unsupported explanations are offered is be- cause their authors believe that the evolutionary history of their taxa has been so simple that causal explanation can be deduced from casual visual in- spection of variation patterns alone.
A more realistic and more theoretically sound approach would be based on analysıs and display of results using Andersonian techniques. In this way precise hypotheses can be framed and procedures suggested for their confir- mation. In the case of Diospyros whyteana (fig. 3) visual inspection at first suggested clinal varıation. Only subsequently, after rigorous analysis, did it emerge that the central part of the range is one of great variability, and that the overall pattern of this species probably requires an extrinsic historical explanation of some complexity.
CHOROLOGICAL APHORISMS
1. Chorological patterns are too complex to provide an objective basis for a formal hierarchical classification of phytochoria except at the highest levels.
This aphorism can be derived from the third general aphorism. I have briefly discussed its implications elsewhere (WHITE 1965 and in CHAPMAN & WHITE 1970) and will deal with it more fully on a future occasion. Here I shall merely list a few supporting reasons.
a) Adjacent phytochoria differ greatly in floristic richness and in the complexity of the patterns formed by their subordinate elements.
b) The replacement zones separating adjacent phytochoria vary greatly in their width and steepness.
c) The differences between adjacent phytochoria may be due, either to both of them having distinet endemic floras, or to one of them merely being an impoverished variant of the other.
d) Some phytochoria have compact, continuous distributions, whereas
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others, which taxonomically and ecologically are just as distinct, have dis- junct or even archipelago-like distributions.
Hauman (1955), MonopD (1957) and HepgerG (1965) have suggested that the Afro-alpine flora, despite its archipelago-like distributions, is suffi- cıently distinct to merit recognition as a Region. I have suggested (in CHAr- MAN & WHITE 1970) that the Afro-montane flora should be treated in a si- milar way. One could argue endlessly as to whether these two floras are in fact sufficiently distinct to be regarded as comparable with, say, the much more extensive and floristically rich Guineo-Congolian Region. Their pre- cise status, however, is not important, and, because of the complexity of the overall chorological situation, cannot be objectively established. It is im- portant, however, to recognize them as being fundamentally distinct, both ecologically and taxonomically, from, and not merely facies of, the prevalent lowland phytochoria within which they occur.
e) Centres of endemism can be more profitably recognized then the lower ranking phytochoria of formal systems. Unlike the latter, centres of endemism need not have contiguous boundaries. If they had, that would amount to a contradiction in terms. "They can, however, when the situation justifies ıt, have overlapping boundaries.
The recognition of chorological patterns and their analysıs in terms of ecological and taxonomic relationship is much more important than the elaboration of complex static systems which are more likely to obscure than reveal significant correlations.
2. The detection and understanding of genetic elements depends on careful ecological and taxonomic studies.
WULFF (1943) states that genetic elements are grouped according to their region of origin, and HEpgerG (1965) defines genetic elements “according to the supposed areas of origin of each species — that is, in practice, after the areas where they have the majority of their closest relatives”. HEDBERG, who was chiefly concerned with demonstrating the extremely diverse origin of the Afro-alpine flora, and not with a critical study of any particular ele- ment, nevertheless, with reference to Myosotis keniensis, stressed the im- portance of a knowledge of degree of taxonomic relationship. The follow- ing example from my analysıs of the Malawi sample of the Afro-montane forest-tree flora (in CHAPMAN & WHITE 1970) is intended to confirm the im- portance of a knowledge of degree of relationship, but it also suggests that for species which are both chorologically and taxonomically somewhat iso- lated, there may not be any close relatives because of recent extinction. In such cases a knowledge of the ecology of the plants concerned may provide vital clues to past events and pointers to future research.
The Afro-montane forest-tree flora of Malawi includes 61 species which are confined to the Afro-montane Region and so belong to the Afro-montane geographical element.
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Of these, 24 (390%/o) belong to genera which are totally absent from the lowland tropics, or almost so. They belong to the eu-Afro-montane geneti- cal element, which can be further subdivided according to the diverse distrib- utions of the genera and families to which they belong.
25 species (41 °/o) belong to genera, which in Africa, irrespective of their overall distribution, are confined to, or have their greatest concentration of species in, the lowland forests of the Guineo-Congolian Region. In a few cases, e. g. Diospyros whyteana, the specific relationship is not particularly close, though in Africa Diospyros is pre-eminently a Guineo-Congolian genus. The majority of species in this group, however, are very closely related to one or more Guineo-Congolian lowland forest species. In some cases, e. g. Entandrophragma excelsum, the species are perfectly distinct and their claim to specific rank has never been questioned, but in other cases the differences, though apparently constant, are slight, e. g. Chrysophyllum gorungosanum. Most of the species in this group are so closely related to their Guineo-Con- golian relatives that it is reasonable to assume that they have relatively re- cently evolved from Guineo-Congolian ancestors. I have suggested that this close relationship could be expressed by referring to them as Guineo-Con- golian ‘nephews’. The genetic element to which they belong is the ‘Afro- montane element of Guineo-Congolian nephews’ or ‘Afro-montane nephews’ for short.
The remaining 12 species (20°/o) belong to genera or families which, although represented by many species at low and medium altitudes in the humid troics of the old or new worlds or both, are absent from the humid lowland tropics of Africa today.
Taxonomically, these species are more isolated. Ficalhoa, for instance, is monotypic and confined to Africa, and, elsewhere in the lowland tropics, is replaced by species of the closely related genus Eurya. Cylicomorpha has two species endemic to the African mountains; the rest of the family is con- fined to the American tropics. The other species belong to genera with only one (e. g. /lex) or few species in Africa, but many to several hundreds in the lowland tropics elsewhere. In considering the relationships of these species two things should be borne in mind. First, they are unlikely to owe their present distribution in Africa to long distance dispersal. Ocotea, for in- stance, is represented by hundreds of species in America, but the African spe- cies are confined to the eastern side of the continent. Second, since the groups to which they belong are characteristically humid tropical lowland groups, it is possible that they formerly occurred in Africa but that their low- land representatives became extinct during the climatic vicissitudes of the Pleistocene, leaving a few remnants in the more mountainous parts of Africa. where there might have been better opportunities for survival during periods of rapid climatic change. If this hypothesis is correct then the precise geo- graphic location of the most closely related contemporary relatives of mem- bers of this group of species is irrelevant, since their immediate ancestors, which occupied a different part of the earth’s surface, have recently become
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extinct. If the members of this group have recently lost their closest rel- atives we may refer to them as “orphan” species. This concept is not quite as fanciful as may at first appear. It is useful to keep these species together in the same assemblage since most of them are similar in their ecology. If they are grouped according to their nearest (but not very close) still extant relatives, what is essentially a homogeneous group is fragmented into several meaningless entities. In this connection it is interesting to record that MoRrEAU (1966) has found it necessary to invoke widespread extinction to account for the present-day distribution of certain birds in Africa.
There is also some botanical evidence which supports the hypothesis of widespread extinction in the African lowlands. The genus Ternstroemia is widespread in the humid lowland tropics from South America to Queens- land, but with only two species ın Africa, T. polypetala on the East African mountains, and T. africana in the lowlands, T. polypetala is thus an Afro- montane “nephew’, but it differs from all others in this group in having only one Guineo-Congolian relative, and that has a very restricted geographical distribution in West Africa, where it is only known from one locality in An- gola near the mouth of the River Congo and one locality in Nigeria (HEP- PER, Kew Bull. 21: 429—431, 1968). No doubt it also occurs in some other places in the Guineo-Congolian Region, but, if it does, in view of the in- tensity of collecting in Africa in recent decades, it